-Delile
I- ukuqashelwa kwamagciwane nendlela yokuhlukanisa yiTincture of Gram, yasungulwa ngusosayensi waseDenmark uChristian Gram ngo-1884 futhi ukusuka lapho ibizwa ngegama layo. Uqukethe ini?
Siqukethe ukwengeza uchungechunge oluthile lwezingulube nama-mordants kusampula yaselebhu, ngaleyo ndlela kufinyelelwe ibala elibomvana noma le-violet, ngokuya nge uhlobo lwama-bacteria: i I-Gram enhle ziphendula i-pigment futhi zizovela zinsomi ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu; ngenkathi i- I-gram negative bayamelana namabala futhi bazowenza abomvu noma abomvana ngombala.
Lo mehluko ekuphenduleni ukhombisa ukwakheka okuhlukile kwemvilophu yeseli, kusukela kufayela le- igremu omuhle Unengqimba eminyene ye-peptidoglycan (murein), ebanikeza ukumelana okukhulu kepha kubenze bagcine udayi kangcono kakhulu. I- igremu elibi, esikhundleni salokho, bane-lipid ulwelwesi emvilophini yabo, ngakho-ke badinga ungqimba olucekeceke kakhulu lwe-peptidoglycan futhi, ngakho-ke, abalimazi ngendlela efanayo.
Le ndlela yembula ukuthayipha kwemvelo kwamagciwane, okusebenzisekayo lapho kukhonjwa izinhlobo zezinto futhi ikakhulukazi i-antibiotic edingekayo ukulwa nayo.
Yize amabhaktheriya ane-gram eneqembu elihlukahlukene neliningi, ngokuba khona kwama-mobile organisms (ama-flagellates) kanye ne-photosynthetic, ama-bacteria angenayo i-gram obhekene nezifo eziningi ezibulala amagciwane ezaziwa kakhulu.
Izibonelo zamagciwane ane-gram-positive
- I-Staphylococcus aureus. Ubhekele amathumba, i-dermatitis, ukutheleleka okwenziwe endaweni kanye ne-gastroenteritis engenzeka.
- I-Streptococcus pyrogenes. Imbangela yezifo ezithathelwanayo endaweni yokuphefumula, kanye ne-rheumatic fever.
- I-Streptococcus aglactiae. Okuvamile ezimweni ze-neonatal meningitis, i-endometritis ne-pneumonia.
- IStreptococcus faecalis. Okuvamile kwizifo ze-biliary ne-urinary tract, kuhlala kukholoni lomuntu.
- I-Streptococcus pneumoniae. Unesibopho se-pneumonia kanye nezifo zokuphefumula, kanye ne-otitis, meningitis kanye ne-peritonitis.
- IStreptococcus sanguis. I-Causative ye-endocarditis, lapho ingena egazini ngezilonda endaweni yayo, emlonyeni kanye nasezinyweni zamazinyo.
- Clostridium tetani. Amagciwane abhekene ne-tetanus angena emzimbeni asemhlabathini ngokuhlukumezeka aze afike emaphethelweni.
- I-Bacillus anthracis. Yigciwane elaziwa kakhulu nge-anthrax, zombili ezinguqulweni zalo ezisikiwe nezamaphaphu.
- IClostridium botullinum. I-Causative ye-classic kanye ne-botulism yezinsana, ihlala emhlabathini nasekudleni okungalondoloziwe kahle.
- IClostridium yenza amakha. Leli bhaktheriya likhipha ubuthi obonakalisa udonga lweseli, futhi lubhekele ama-gangrenes anegesi, i-necrotizing enteritis, ne-endometritis.
Izibonelo zamagciwane angenayo igramu
- I-Neisseria meningitidis. Igciwane eliyingozi elibanga i-meningitis ne-meningococcemia, lihlanganisa indlela yokuphefumula yomuntu futhi lenyukele kuma-meninges ngegazi.
- I-Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Yaziwa ngokuthi iyimbangela ye-gonorrhea, isifo esivame ukudluliselwa ngocansi.
- Escherichia coli. Umhlali ojwayelekile wekoloni lomuntu, ubandakanyeka kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "isifo sohudo", kanye ne-neonatal meningitis, sepsis kanye nokutheleleka komchamo.
- Salmonella typhi. Amagciwane abhekane nalesi sifo esaziwa ngokuthi yi-typhoid fever, avame ukudluliselwa ngomzila womlomo womlomo: ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, ukulahlwa okungafanele kwendle noma inhlanzeko engalungile.
- I-Salmonella enteritidis. Imvamisa kubangela i-enterocoitis ne-septicemia enamathumba uma isuka emathunjini iye egazini.
- Haemophilus influenzae. Imvamisa i-aerobic bacillus, ibhekene ne-meningitis, i-otitis, i-sinusitis, i-bronchopneumonia, i-cellulitis ne-septic arthritis.
- I-Bordetella pertussis. Imbangela yalesi sifo esaziwa ngokuthi ukukhwehlela, ngokufa kwezinsana okuphezulu.
- Brucella isisu. Kubanga i-brucellosis, isifo sezinkomo esidluliselwa kumuntu ngokuthintana nezilwane noma ngokufaka imikhiqizo yobisi engasetshenziswanga.
- UFrancisella tularensis. Ubhekele lokho okubizwa nge- "rabbit fever" noma i-tularemia, idluliselwa kumuntu ngamavectors (izibungu noma ezinye izinhlobo zama-exoparasites) onogwaja, izinyamazane nezilwane ezifanayo.
- I-Pasteurella multocida. I-Anaerobic bacillus, edluliselwa ngokulunywa kwezilwane ezifuywayo ezinegciwane, njengamakati nezinja. Isakazeka esikhunjeni futhi ithelele uhlelo lokuphefumula, futhi kubangele i-cellulite.
