Izibonelo Zempahla Yomphakathi kanye Nemisebenzi - Encyclopedia

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Umehluko phakathi kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo zomphakathi nezizimele
Izinhlobo zemisebenzi yomphakathi
Izibonelo zezimpahla zomphakathi
Izibonelo zezinsizakalo zomphakathi

Kubizwa ngezomnotho izimpahla nezinsizakalo kusethingi yezinqubo nemizamo yabantu inhloso yabo enkulu ukwanelisa izidingo zomuntu, umphakathi noma lonke uhlobo.

Imvamisa ziphathwa njengesigaba esihlanganyelwe kumigomo ye-macroeconomic noma yokuhlelela umphakathi, kepha zimele izingxenye ezimbili ezihlukile, yize zinganqamukanga emizamweni yabantu emiphakathini.

Bhekafuthi: Yini izinkampani zomphakathi?

Umehluko phakathi kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo zomphakathi nezizimele

I- izimpahla zomphakathi nezinsizakalo yilezo ezingezona ezenhlangano ethile noma inhlangano ethile yomphakathi, kodwa ezingathokozelwa yizo zonke izakhamizi, ngakho-ke, ziphethwe nguMbuso, ngoba ziyingxenye yenkomo kushicilela.

Kulokhu zehluka ikakhulu kwi izimpahla ezizimele kanye nezinsizakalo, okuyizimbangi zezinhlangano ezizimele nezinhlangano noma abantu, noma, esimweni sezinsizakalo, ezinikezwa yibo.

Eqinisweni, izimpahla zomphakathi azihlukaniseki, ngaphandle kwezinqumo zezombusazwe okuvunyelwene ngazo yizikhungo zikaHulumeni (ukwenza kube ngasese). Futhi noma kunjalo imvamisa kuyinto enzima ukwamukelwa ngabantu.

Kujwayelekile ukuthi izinsizakalo zomphakathi, ngokwesibonelo, zibe namazinga okufinyelela kwezenhlalo noma asunguliwe angasuselwa ekuqongelelweni kwemali enkulu (inzuzo), kepha kukusimama nje kwensizakalo, ukuyenza ifinyeleleke kuwo wonke umuntu. Kwamanye amazwe lezi zinsizakalo zimahhala. Esikhundleni salokho, izinsizakalo ezizimele zenzelwe ukuba nenzuzo kwezomnotho: ukucebisa labo abazisebenzisayo futhi ubavumele ukuthi baqongelele imali ngayinye.

Izinhlobo zemisebenzi yomphakathi

Kwenziwa umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zezimpahla zomphakathi nezinsizakalo, okuyilezi:

Iyahlukaniswa. Lokho kungasatshalaliswa phakathi kwabantu, okungukuthi, umuntu ngamunye noma iqembu lingadla inani elithile futhi elingalinganiswa, ngokwesibonelo, intela yemali engenayo.
Akuhlukaniseki. Lezo zinsizakalo ezinikezwa bonke abantu ngokulinganayo nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwazo akuqedi i- isitoko iyatholakala kuyo. Isibonelo salokhu izinsizakalo zamanxusa.

Izibonelo zezimpahla zomphakathi

Ingqalasizinda yomgwaqo. Imigwaqo, imigwaqo emikhulu nezinye izingqalasizinda zomphakathi ezixhuma emagumbini ahlukene ezwe zivame ukuba zoMbuso, noma ngabe ukuphathwa kanye nokunakekelwa kudluliselwa enkampanini ezimele. Kepha njengoba kuyizakhiwo, ezingenakususwa, ziyimpahla yomphakathi futhi kuvame ukuba nezinkonzo eziyiphethe.
I-spectrum yomsakazo. Uhla lwemisebe ye-radioelectric yezwe, okusakazwa ngalo amagagasi ahlukahlukene omsakazo nethelevishini, luyimpahla yomphakathi engenakuguqulwa, ukuxhashazwa kwayo kwenzeka lapho uMbuso unikeza izinkampani ezizimele imvume yokuhambisa izinhlelo zazo.
Izinto zempi. Izimoto, izikhali zempi, umfaniswano nokunye okudingwa yisikhungo samasosha, okuphethe ukuvikela ubukhosi bendawo, kuyizinto ezingenakubuyiselwa zoMbuso.
Ukuqapha kwamaphoyisa nezicishamlilo. Njengoba nje lezi zinhlangano ziyingxenye yemisebenzi kahulumeni, izinsiza kusebenza kanye nezimoto ezikhethekile ziyingxenye yempahla yoMbuso.
Isikhala somoya kazwelonke. Akekho kunoma yiliphi izwe ongathenga umoya noma isibhakabhaka, okuyizimpahla, ukuzibiza ngandlela thile, ezikaHulumeni kuphela. Yingakho lapho indiza ingena esibhakabhakeni selinye izwe, iba ngaphansi kwemithetho yaleyo ndawo.
Izikhala zomphakathi. Izindawo zesikhumbuzo, izikwele, indlu kamongameli, amapaki omphakathi nazo zonke izimpahla zomphakathi kazwelonke ziyimpahla yomphakathi.
Iziqiwu zemvelo. Amahlathi kanye namahlathi amakhulu avikelwe, amaPaki kaZwelonke nokwandiswa kwawo wonke umhlaba kungaphansi koMbuso futhi imvamisa akaze athengiswe, ngoba ezimweni eziningi ayindawo eyiGugu Lomhlaba.
Izimpahla zezinkampani zomphakathi. Konke okungubunikazi banoma iyiphi inkampani yoMbuso kuzoba, nempahla yomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, wonke amatafula oMnyango imvamisa angaphansi koMbuso futhi akuwona awomuntu ozihlukanisile.
Izimali zomphakathi. Imali (izikweletu kanye nezinhlamvu zemali) zezwe, noma limele ingcebo yomphakathi neyangasese ngaphandle kokwehlukanisa, liyimpahla ebonakalayo yoMbuso okhethekile. Kungakho umuntu engeke akwazi ukukhipha imali yakhe engamaphepha, ngoba akuyona eyethu kuphela kodwa ingeyomphakathi wonke wezwe.
Imininingwane. Ngemuva kwenkathi ethile yesikhathi, ukunwetshwa kwayo kuyahluka ngokuya ngomthetho wamazwe, ilungelo lobunikazi bemisebenzi yobuciko, imibhalo, umculo noma noma yiluphi uhlobo luba yingxenye yamagugu esizwe futhi, ngokwandiswa, lwesintu.

Izibonelo zezinsizakalo zomphakathi

Ugesi. Emazweni amaningi kujwayelekile ukuthi inkampani kagesi ibe ngohulumeni ngokuphelele noma iningi. Ngakho-ke, amanani kagesi anobungani anganikezwa kubantu futhi le nsizakalo eyisisekelo ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yanamuhla ingalawulwa ngokwezepolitiki.
Ukukhomba nokuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Ukukhishwa kwamaphasiphothi, amathikithi omazisi, amakhadi kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zezincwadi zokuhlonza zezakhamizi zikazwelonke noma zakwamanye amazwe ezihlala noma ezihamba endaweni yezwe, kungumsebenzi womphakathi kuphela ophethwe amahhovisi ombuso afanele.
Ukumelwa kwamanxusa. Zonke izakhamizi zezwe elihlala kwelinye izwe zimelwe ngokomthetho nangokwezokuvakasha yinxusa, ihhovisi lenxusa kanye nezinhlangano ezahlukahlukene ezinikezela ngezinsizakalo zomphakathi eziphethe nezomthetho ngisho nosizo oluphuthumayo ezweni lonke.
Ukwenza kube semthethweni imibhalo. Ukuqinisekiswa kokuvela kwemibhalo ethile yezomthetho, njengezinkontileka, iziqu zemfundo, njll. Kwenzeka ngaphansi kokubuka koMbuso. Izinhlangano ezahlukahlukene zikahulumeni ziphethe ukuqinisekisa ngokubhala imvelaphi yalezi zincwadi noma ziqinisekisa ukusayinwa kwazo, zisebenza njengesiqinisekiso sobulungiswa.
Umsebenzi wokwahlulela. Izinqubo zezobulungiswa, zombili, ezobugebengu, ezomthethosisekelo noma zanoma yiluphi uhlobo kungumsebenzi okhethekile woMbuso, ngakho-ke kuwumsebenzi owunikeza izakhamizi zawo, ukuvikela ukugcwaliseka kwamalungelo nemisebenzi yawo, ukuqinisekisa uhlaka lwezomthetho kanye imithetho yezomthetho yomdlalo.
Amanzi agijimayo. Le sevisi ivame ukuba sesidlangalaleni emazweni amaningi, ngaphandle kwalawo ahlukunyezwe amagagasi okwenziwa ukuthi kube ngabanikazi bamasheya. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinsizakalo ezibalulekile empilweni yasemadolobheni, njengogesi noma amanzi, zinomthelela oqondile enhlalakahleni yabantu kanye namalungelo abo, ngakho-ke akufanele babe sezandleni zezinhlangano ezizimele.
Thumela imeyili. Wonke amazwe aneposi leposi ezandleni zoMbuso, okusho ukuthi, umphakathi, kanye namaposi angasese ancintisana nalo. Iposi lombuso, yize lisetshenziswe ngokungagunci, livame ukubhekwa njengesevisi yesidingo sokuqala.
Impilo yomphakathi. Isihloko esishisayo kwamanye amazwe, ngoba kuvame ukuphikiswana ngokuthi izinsiza zoMbuso zanele yini ukubhekelela bonke abahlali abanesimo esiphuthumayo sezempilo ngaphandle kokubakhokhisa noma ukubakhokhisa imali yomphakathi. Kunoma ikuphi, le nsizakalo iyasebenza uma kunezimo eziphuthumayo zezempilo zomphakathi, ezinjengobhadane lwezifo, futhi iyingxenye yezindlela zoMbuso zokuyinqanda.
Iphoyisa. Onogada bomphakathi cishe abaze babe yingxenye yezinkampani ezizimele, yize kukhona ezinye ezinikele emkhakheni. Kepha umbutho wamaphoyisa oMbuso uyingxenye yomsebenzi owenzelwe umphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwawo.
Izicishamlilo. Njengamaphoyisa, izicishamlilo ziyingxenye yomsebenzi womphakathi ophuthumayo nowezicishamlilo okudingeka zonke izizwe ukuvikela izimpilo zezakhamizi zawo.