Izibonelo eziyi-15 zezinto zemvelo nezokufakelwa - Encyclopedia

Ividiyo: Environmental Authorisation [Full presentation]

-Delile

Ezemvelo Nezokwenziwa
Izinhlobo zemvelo yemvelo
Izibonelo zemvelo yemvelo
Izibonelo zemvelo yokufakelwa

I- izimiso zemvelo yizinhlelo zezidalwa eziphilayo endaweni enikeziwe.

Ziqukethe:

I-Biocenosis: Kubizwa nangokuthi umphakathi ophilayo. Kuyisethi yezinto eziphilayo (izidalwa eziphilayo) ezihlala endaweni efanayo yezimo ezifanayo. Kubandakanya izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zombili izimbali nezilwane.
IBiotope: Yindawo ethile lapho izimo zemvelo zifana. Kuyisikhala esibalulekile se-biocenosis.

Yonke imvelo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngoba ifaka phakathi inethiwekhi yobudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo kanye nalezo eziphilayo izici ze-abiotic, njengokukhanya, umoya noma izingxenye zomhlabathi.

Ezemvelo Nezokwenziwa

Izimiso zemvelo: Yilezo ezikhula ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu. Zihluke kakhulu kunalezo zokufakelwa futhi zihlukaniswe kabanzi.
Imvelo yokufakelwa: Zenziwe isenzo somuntu futhi zazingekho phambilini emvelweni.

Izinhlobo zemvelo yemvelo

IMINININGWANE EFANELEKILE

Ezasolwandle: Kwakungomunye wemvelo yokuqala, ngoba impilo eplanethi yethu yavela olwandle. Izinzile kakhulu kunamanzi angenasawoti noma imvelo yasemhlabeni, ngenxa yokwehluka kancane kokushisa. Kungaba njalo:
- I-Photic: Lapho uhlelo lwasolwandle luthola ukukhanya okwanele, lungaqukatha izitshalo ezikwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis, ethinta yonke imvelo, ngoba yizinto eziphilayo ezikwaziyo ukudala izinto eziphilayo kusuka ezintweni ezingaphili. Ngamanye amagama, baqala i- uchungechunge lokudla. Ziyimvelo yamabhishi, izixhobo zamakhorali, imilomo yemifula, njll.
- I-Aphotic: Akukho ukukhanya okwanele kwe-photosynthesis, ngakho-ke lezi zinhlelo zemvelo azinazo izitshalo ze-photosynthetic. Kunomoya-mpilo omncane, amazinga okushisa aphansi kanye nengcindezi ephezulu.Lezi zinhlelo zemvelo zitholakala olwandle olujulile, ezindaweni ezihoshelayo, emseleni wasolwandle nasolwandle oluningi.
Amanzi amnandi: Yimifula namachibi.
- I-Lotic: Imifula, imifudlana noma iziphethu. Yizo zonke lezo lapho amanzi akha khona umsinga ongaqondakali, ethula isimo sokuguquka komzimba okuqhubekayo nezinhlobonhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala ezincane (izikhala ezinezimo ezixakile).
- I-Lentic: iLagos, amachibi, iziziba kanye namaxhaphozi. Ziyizindikimba zamanzi lapho kungekho khona okuqhubekayo njengamanje.

IZINHLELO ZOKUPHILA

Labo lapho i-biocenosis ikhula khona emhlabathini noma enhlabathini engaphansi. Izici zalezi zinhlelo zemvelo zincike kumswakama, izinga lokushisa, ukuphakama (ukuphakama maqondana nolwandle) nobubanzi (ukusondela e-Equator).

Izinkuni: Faka amahlathi emvula, amahlathi omile, amahlathi apholile, amahlathi ashisayo namahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo.
Izihlahlana: Zinezitshalo zezihlahla. Zingaba yi-shrub, i-xerophilous noma i-moorland.
AmaGrasslands: Lapho amakhambi abe khona okukhulu kunezihlahla nezihlahla. Zingaba yizinkangala, ama-savanna noma ama-steppes.
TundraLapho kutholakala khona ubulembu, ubulembu, amakhambi kanye nezihlahlana ezincane. Banomhlabathi ongaphansi ofriziwe.
UgwaduleZitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo noma ezishisayo, kepha nasezingqimbeni zeqhwa.

UMNOTHO WEHYBRID

Yilezo okuthi, njengoba zikhukhula, zingathathwa njengezomhlaba noma zasemanzini.

Izibonelo zemvelo yemvelo

Ukusakaza (aquatic, sweet, lotic): Umfudlana wamanzi ogeleza ngokuqhubekayo kepha ogeleza kancane kunomfula, yingakho unganyamalala ezigxotsheni ezomile. Awavamisile ukuhamba ngomkhumbi, ngaphandle kwalezo ezinethambeka eliphansi nokugeleza okukhulu. Kepha kunoma yikuphi, zingasetshenziswa kuphela izikebhe ezincane kakhulu, ezinjengezikebhe noma izihlenga. Imifudlana inezindawo ezibizwa ngamazibuko angajule kangako ukuthi angawela ngezinyawo. Kuzo kungaphila izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-crustaceans kanye nenqwaba yezinambuzane futhi izilwane zasemanzini. Izitshalo ikakhulukazi zingu-algae wamanzi angenasawoti.
Ihlathi elomile (umhlaba, ihlathi): ibizwa nangokuthi i-xerophilous, hiemisilva noma ihlathi elomile. Kuyisimo semvelo esinokhuni sobukhulu obumaphakathi. Izikhathi zemvula zimfushane kunezikhathi ezomile, ngakho-ke izinhlobo ezincike kakhulu ekutholakaleni kwamanzi ziyathuthuka, njengezihlahla ezinamakhaza (alahlekelwa amaqabunga awo ngakho-ke awalahlekelwa umswakama omningi). Zivame ukutholakala phakathi kwamahlathi emvula kanye izingwadule noma amashidi. Amazinga okushisa afudumele unyaka wonke. Izinkawu, izinyamazane, amakati, izinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni namagundane zihlala kula mahlathi.
Ugwadule olunesihlabathi (umhlaba ogwadule): Inhlabathi ikakhulu iyisihlabathi, esakha izindunduma ngokusebenza komoya. Izibonelo ezithile yilezi:

a) Ugwadule iKalahari: Yize iyigwadule, kodwa libonakala ngezilwane ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amagundane, izinhlwathi, izindlulamithi namabhubesi.
b) Ugwadule iSahara: Ugwadule olufudumele kakhulu. Inamakhilomitha-skwele angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-9 (indawo efana neyaseChina noma e-United States), ehlanganisa iningi leNyakatho Afrika.

Ugwadule olunamatshe (umhlaba ogwadule): Umhlabathi wawo wenziwe ngamatshe nangamatshe. Kubizwa nangokuthi iHamada. Kukhona isihlabathi kodwa asenzi izindunduma, ngenxa yobuncane baso. Isibonelo yihlane laseDraa, eningizimu yeMorocco.
Ugwadule lwasePoland (umhlaba ogwadule): Umhlabathi wenziwe ngeqhwa. Imvula iyindlala kakhulu futhi amanzi anosawoti, ngakho-ke izilwane (njengamabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo) kufanele zithole uketshezi oludingekayo kulezi zilwane ezizidlayo. Amazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-zero degrees. Lolu hlobo lwogwadule lubizwa nge-indlandsis.
Ngezansi kolwandle (aphotic marine): Itholakala endaweni ebizwa nge "hadal", etholakala ngaphansi kwendawo yalasha, okungukuthi, ijule kakhulu olwandle: ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6,000 ukujula. Ngenxa yokungabikho okuphelele kwengcindezi yokukhanya nokuphakama, izakhi zomzimba ezitholakalayo ziyindlala kakhulu. Lezi zinhlelo zemvelo azihloliswanga ngokwanele, ngakho-ke zikhona kuphela umbono akuqinisekisiwe kubahlali bakhona. Kucatshangwa ukuthi bayasinda ngenxa yeqhwa lasolwandle, okuyizinto eziphilayo eziwela ngohlobo lwezinhlayiya ezisuka ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu kakhulu zolwandle kuye ezansi.

Ugwadule Olukhulu Olunesihlabathi: Itholakala enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Australia. Phakathi kwezilwane zayo kukhona amakamela, ama-dingo, ama-goannas, izibankwa nezinyoni.

IMarsh (i-hybrid): Kwenzeka ekucindezelekeni ezweni elisemngceleni wolwandle. Imvamisa lokhu ukudana Kwakhiwa ukudlula komfula, yingakho ukuxubana kwamanzi amasha nosawoti endaweni. Kuyindawo eyixhaphozi, okungukuthi, indawo yomhlaba evame ukugcwala amanzi noma unomphela. Inhlabathi ivundululwe ngokwemvelo ngosilika, ubumba nesihlabathi. Izitshalo kuphela ezingakhula kule ecosystem yilezo ezingamelana nokuxinana kasawoti emanzini asondele ku-10%. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izilwane zihluka kakhulu, kusuka ku- izinto ezincane kakhulu njenge-benthos, nekton ne-plankton kuya kuma-mollusk, ama-crustaceans, izinhlanzi kanye nonogwaja.
Ipulatifomu yezwekazi (photic marine): I-biotope yale ecosystem iyindawo ye-neritic, okungukuthi, indawo yasolwandle eseduze nasogwini kepha engaxhumani nayo ngqo. Kubhekwa kusuka kumamitha ayi-10 ukujula kuye kumamitha ayi-200. Izinga lokushisa lihlala lizinzile kulesi simiso semvelo. Ngenxa yobuningi bezilwane, kuyindawo ekhethwayo yokudoba. Izimbali nazo ziningi futhi ziyahlukahluka ngoba ilanga lifika ngamandla anele ukuvumela i-photosynthesis.
Idlelo laseTropical (terrestrial, grassland): Izimila eziqavile utshani, umhlanga notshani. Kuwo wonke lawa madlelo kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200 zotshani. Kodwa-ke, okuvame kakhulu ukuthi izinhlobo ezimbili noma ezintathu kuphela ezihamba phambili. Phakathi kwezilwane kukhona izilwane ezidla utshani nezinyoni.
Isigaxa saseSiberia (terrestrial tundra): Itholakala ogwini olusenyakatho yeRussia, eWestern Siberia, osebeni lwe-Arctic Ocean. Ngenxa yokukhanya kwelanga okuncane okufinyelela kule latitude, i-tundra ecosystem yathuthuka, inqamula ehlathini le-fir ne-spruce.

Izibonelo zemvelo yokufakelwa

Isiziba: Lapho kwakhiwa isitshalo samandla kagesi Ichibi lokuzenzela (idamu) livamise ukwakhiwa ngokuvala umbhede womfula ngaleyo ndlela lenze ligcwale. Imvelo eseyivele ikhona iguqulwa ngokujule ngoba imvelo yasemhlabeni iba yimvelo yasemanzini lapho ikhukhula unomphela kanti ingxenye yemvelo yomfula iba yi-lentic ecosystem.
Amapulazi: I-biotope yayo ingumhlaba ovundile. Le yi-ecosystem eyenziwe ngumuntu iminyaka eyi-9,000. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo, hhayi kuphela ngokuya nge Uhlobo lwesitshalo kepha futhi nendlela yokulima: ngabe kusetshenziswa umanyolo noma cha, uma kusetshenziswa ama-agrochemicals, njll. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi izingadi eziphilayo yizinsimu zezitshalo ezingasebenzisi amakhemikhali okufakelwa kepha kunalokho zilawula ubukhona bezinambuzane ngezinto ezitholwe ezitshalweni uqobo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emikhakheni yezitshalo zezimboni, zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikhona zilawulwa kakhulu, ngamakhemikhali avimbela ukukhula kwengxenye enkulu yezinto eziphilayo, ngaphandle kwalokhu okulinywayo.
Vula izimayini zomgodi: Lapho kutholakala idiphozi yento ebalulekile endaweni ethile, ingaxhashazwa nge izimayini ze-opencast. Yize lolu hlobo lwezimayini lushibhile kunezinye, luthinta nemvelo ngokujule kakhudlwana, ludala olwayo. Izimila ebusweni ziyasuswa, kanye nezingqimba ezingaphezulu zedwala. Izimila aziphili kulezi zimayini, kepha izinambuzane nezinqwaba zamagciwane zingaba khona. Ngenxa yokushintsha njalo okwenziwe enhlabathini yezimayini, azikho ezinye izilwane ezihlala.
Abamba Ukushisa: Ziyindlela ethile yemvelo ekhulayo lapho amazinga okushisa nomswakama ephezulu, kusizakala ngokuhlungwa kwamandla elanga esikhaleni esinqunyelwe. Le ecosystem, ngokungafani nezinsimu zezitshalo, ayithintwa wumoya, imvula noma ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, ngoba zonke lezi zinto (ukuhamba komoya, umswakama, izinga lokushisa) zilawulwa ngumuntu.
Izingadi: Ziyizinhlelo zemvelo ezifana nezindawo ezinotshani, kepha zinezinhlobonhlobo eziphansi kakhulu zezitshalo nezilwane, ngoba izimbali zikhethwa ngumuntu kanti nezilwane zivame ukufaka izinambuzane kuphela, amagundane amancane nezinyoni.
Imifudlana: Zingakhiwa ngokuqhamuka emthonjeni wemvelo (umfula noma ichibi) noma okwenziwe (amanzi ampontshwayo). Kombiwa umzila onesimo esifiselekayo futhi kuqinisekiswe nomthambeka ohlangothini olufanele. Isiteshi singambozwa ngamatshe noma ngamatshe amatshe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuguguleka kwamanzi lapho kudlula amanzi ngeke kushintshe isimo esakhiwe. Isimo semvelo sale mifudlana yokufakelwa siqala ngezinto ezincane ezilethwa ngamanzi, zifaka ulwelwe ezansi nasemaceleni omfula futhi luhehe izinambuzane. Uma umthombo ungokwemvelo, uzoqukatha nezilwane (izinhlanzi nama-crustaceans) ezihlala ku-ecosystem yemvelaphi.
Imvelo yasemadolobheni: Amadolobha namadolobha akha imvelo ebingakabikho ngaphambi kwesenzo somuntu. Lezi zinhlelo zemvelo yizo eziguquke kakhulu emakhulwini eminyaka amuva nje, ziguqula kakhulu izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala kuzo, kanye nezici ze-abiotic ezihlangana nazo. Okuwukuphela kwesici esihlale singashintshi ukuhlushwa kwabantu okukhulu, yize lokhu kuye kwanda. Inhlabathi yamadolobha namadolobha yenziwa ngezinto zokwenziwa (ngenani elincishisiwe "lezikhala eziluhlaza" ezinenhlabathi yemvelo). Le ecosystem inweba ngaphezu komhlaba iye esikhaleni somoya kepha futhi ingaphansi komhlaba, yakha izindlu, amadamu, izinhlelo zamanzi, njll. Izinambuzane ngenxa yobuningi babantu zivamile kulesi simiso semvelo.