-Delile
Lapho sikhuluma ngayo izimiso zemvelo sisho ukuthi uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lobudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwemiphakathi yezinto eziphilayo (i-biocenosis) nemvelo abahlala kuyo (indawo yokuhlala noma i-biotope).
Lokhu kusho kokubili ukuncika kokuvumelana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze izidalwa eziphilayo okubandakanyekile, njengokuhamba kwamandla kanye / noma udaba olwenzeka endaweni ebonakalayo, ukuqonda lezi zinqubo njenge ihlelekile futhi iyaphindisela.
Akufanele sididanise imvelo ne-biome. Leli gama lokugcina lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba noma ezifundeni zeplanethi, kucatshangelwa isimo sezulu salo, isimo salo kanye nokuba khona kwalo. isilwane noma imifino, kepha lokho kusebenza njengamayunithi wezwe ahambisanayo. I-biome efanayo ingaqukatha imvelo eyahlukene.
Ngaphakathi kohlelo lwendalo kwenzeka amaketanga e-trophic (okudla) ahlukahlukene abizwa nangokuthi amaketanga wokudlulisa izinto, njengoba kunesekethe ye- decomposers(isikhunta, amabhaktheriya, njll.), abakhiqizi(imifino, izitshalo, i-phytoplankton, njll.) kanye abathengi: imifino (amagundane, izinto ezikhazimulayo, njll.) Futhi izidlakela okuyisisekelo nesekondari (amakati amakhulu, izinyoni ezidla inyama, ama-canids asendle, njll.).
Izinhlobo ze-ecosystem
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemvelo emhlabeni, ezihlukaniswe ngokwemvelo ezenzeka kuyo, okuyilezi:
- Izimiso zemvelo zasemanzini. Zimelela ama-75% azo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikhona futhi zenzeka ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lokho kusho ukuthi izilwandle, izilwandle, imifula, amachibi, kanye nemifucumfucu engaphansi kwamanzi, njengendawo yalasha. Izinhlobo zayo zilungiswa ngokomzimba nangokwamakhemikhali imvelo yasemanzini, okuthi ezimweni ezifanelekile ingalethi ukwehluka okuningi kakhulu maqondana nokushisa kwayo ne-pH (mhlawumbe ngaphandle kwezindawo ezibandayo nezimnyama kwalasha).
- Izimiso zemvelo zomhlaba. Zenzeka emanzini nasebusweni bomhlaba, okubuye kuchaze ukwehluka kwazo okungenzeka kube khona (izintaba, amathafa, izigodi, izingwadule, njll.), Futhi lokho okusho umehluko obalulekile ekushiseni, ekugxileni komoya-mpilo nakwisimo sezulu. Ukwehlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona kule sethi yemvelo kukhulu kakhulu, kunezinambuzane eziningi ezilandelwayo bese kuba yizinyoni. Cishe zingafingqwa ngokuthi: i-desert, i-páramo, ihlathi, ihlathi ne-savanna ecosystems.
- Imvelo exubile. Yilezo ezihlanganisa imidiya emibili ephathekayo, njengamanzi nomhlaba (amphibian) noma umoya nomhlaba (umoya). Izidalwa ezihlala kulezi zindawo zemvelo zivame ukuhamba ikakhulu kokukodwa kwalokhu okubili, kepha zidinga ukuthi enye iphumule, yondle noma izale futhi, ngokuya ngecala elithile.
- Izimiso zemvelo ezinamagciwane. Kubhekisa ezintweni ezahlukahlukene ezincane kakhulu ezinobudlelwano obufanayo endaweni yazo futhi zibalulekile, ekugcineni, ukusekelwa kwezinhlobo zokuphila eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Umthelela womuntu ezinhlelweni zemvelo
Ulwazi lwezemvelo luyindawo yesayensi ebaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozweni nasekuvikelweni kokuhlukahluka kweplanethi, njengamanje ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa yimisebenzi eminingi yezimboni yomuntu. Le misebenzi ziba nomthelela oqondile emandleni nasekwenzeni kohlelo ngalunye lwendalo, futhi kuveza ushintsho kubhalansi obucayi obubalulekile obuchazayo.
I- ukungcola, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu okudalwa yithonya lomuntu emhlabeni, kuhumushela ekuqothulweni, ekwandeni kwabantu, ekuguqulweni kwezilwane nasekuxoshweni kwempilo yegciwane, yezilwane neyezitshalo izindawo zokuhlala, okusho ukuthi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuhlaselwa yona kanye impilo yezinhlobo zabantu.
Izibonelo ze-ecosystem
- Izixhobo zamakhorali. Zingokunye kokugxila okukhulu kakhulu kokuphila emhlabeni ongaphansi kwamanzi kweplanethi, lapho Impilo ivikelekile ngaphakathi nangaphakathi kwezakhiwo ezinkulu zamakhorali ezakha isithiyo semvelo. Izinhlobo ezincane ziyanda (izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-crustaceans, ama-mollusks) asizakala ngobuningi bezinto eziphilayo zokudla okunomsoco nezinqubo zokubola, okusebenza njengokudla kwezinhlanzi ezinkulu.
- Izindawo ezijulile zolwandle. Lezi yimvelo ubukhona obukhulu bezilwane, ngoba ukungabi bikho kwazo kokukhanya akuvumeli i-photosynthesis ngakho-ke akukho nokutshala. Izilwane zalezi zindawo zivumelane nengcindezi enkulu yezemvelo kanye nenani eliphansi lezakhamzimba, umkhiqizo wezilwane eziyindlala, ngokusebenzisa imethabolism ehamba kancane kanye nemilenze ye-bioluminescent ukuheha inyamazane. Iningi lezinto ezincane kakhulu ezibolayo lisekelwa yimvula yezinto eziphilayo ezivela phezulu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla we-geochemical.
- Izingwadule ezinkulu ezishisayo. Izingwadule ezinkulu ezishisayo zaseNyakatho Afrika, ukusho isibonelo esisodwa, aqukethe imvelo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enkulu kakhulu kunalokho okukholelwa, ebonakala ngohlaza oluguqulwe yisomiso namazinga okushisa anobudlova (kushisa emini namakhaza ebusuku), kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni, izinambuzane kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezisinda ngezinhlelo zokugqekeza.
- Amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo anomswakama. Elinye lama-biomes acebe kakhulu emvelweni lakhiwe ngamahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo, njenge-Amazon. Angamadamu amakhulu ezitshalo nezilwane, ahlelwe ngamaketanga amahle kakhulu. Izilwane ezidliwayo ezi-agile noma izinyoka ezivimbelayo, ngokwesibonelo, zidlula inani lezilwane ezincelisayo, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, izinyoni, amagundane nezinambuzane. Izimila zayo ezichumayo nezichichimayo zisebenzisa inhlabathi evundile nenomswakama evela emvuleni engapheli, kanye nezinto ezibolayo ezibolayo ezimboza inhlabathi (amagatsha, amaqabunga, izithelo, izilwane ezifile, njll.).
- Isimo semvelo sePolar. Ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi ngokwedlulele, izindawo ezisemaphethelweni we-polar azikho ngaphandle kwemvelo. I-Antarctica, ngokwesibonelo, yize kunezinguquko ezinqala emazingeni okushisa nokukhanya okuncane kwelanga ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, inolwandle olucebile nge-plankton esekela umjikelezo wokuphila kwasolwandle okujwayele amanzi abandayoNjengezilwane ezidla ezinye ezinemizimba enoboya nezendlalelo eziminyene zamafutha, zingangena emanzini nasezinhlanzini. Eziningi zalezi zinhlobo ziyalala phakathi nobusika obunzima, zinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo ngamandla, noma zifudukele ezindaweni ezifudumele, ukuze zibuye lapho okubi kudlulile.
- Izimiso zemvelo zeLotus. Lokho okwenzeka emaphethelweni nasemfuleni, emfuleni noma entwasahlobo kubizwa kanjalo. Zibonakala ngokuzivumelanisa nokugeleza kwamanzi, okuthwala izakhi zamakhemikhali, izitshalo kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane.
- Izinhlelo zemvelo zeLentic. Ngokungafani nama-lotics, i- lentic ziyisici samanzi amakhulu avaliwe, angagelezi kepha ahlala amile isikhathi esiningi: amachibi, amachibi, iziziba kanye namaxhaphozi. Impilo yezitshalo iyanda kuzo, ngenxa yobukhona bazo obuphezulu bezinto ezisetshenziswayo nezidliwayo, kanye nokushisa kwesimo sezulu kanye nomswakama wezemvelo.. Izinyoni nezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ziyanda ezilwaneni.
- Intaba ephakeme. Njengoba kunikezwe ukukhululeka kwayo okuphezulu, okungasho ukwehla okukhulu komoya-mpilo nokuchayeka kakhulu emisebeni ye-ultraviolet, izimila kulezi zindawo eziphakeme zivame ukuba mbalwa futhi okungenani ziqukethe izihlahlana noma utshani. Izilwane ikakhulu yizinambuzane, kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo nezinyoni ezisizakala ngamandla endiza yazo ukuzingela.
- Savannah. Isibonelo esihle se-savanna ngamathafa amakhulu ase-Afrika, lapho isomiso esimile sivumela kuphela impilo yezitshalo eziphansi, kepha izilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo (izinhlwathi, izinyathi, njll.), ezidliwe amakati namathini amakhulu (amabhubesi, izimpisi, njll.).
- Amahlathi abanda noma ama-coniferous. Kula mahlathi wesimo sezulu esibandayo nesinomswakama ubuningi bempilo yezitshalo buvumela ukwanda kwamaketanga ama-trophic aguqulelwe impilo emhlabeni noma emiqhele ephezulu yezihlahla, engadlula i-10m. Izilwane zibonakala ngezilwane ezincelisayo ezinoboya obukhulu (amabhere, izimpisi, izitofu), izinambuzane, amagundane nezinyoni.
- Ingakusebenzela: Izibonelo zeHabitat neNecological Niche
