Ama-athomu

-Delile

• Ukwakheka
• Izici
• Ukuhlukaniswa
• Umlando We-Atomic Theory

Ngegama le- i-athomu iyunithi ephansi ye- izakhi zamakhemikhali, enobukhona bayo futhi engahlukaniseki. I-athomu iyinhlayiya eyisisekelo yayo yonke into eyaziwayo, futhi ikhona kuzo zonke izinto, ezintweni eziphilayo nakwizinto ezingaphakathi.

Isici se- i-athomu engahlukaniseki Akungenxa yokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi i-athomu lihlukaniswe, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi esimweni sokuhlukaniswa kwalo lizolahlekelwa izakhiwo zamakhemikhali: i-athomu empeleni yakhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu, ezaziwayo izinhlayiya ze-subatomic.

Ukwakheka

Empeleni, ukwakheka kwe-athomu kufaka phakathi isikhungo esakhiwa i-nucleus equkethe ama-proton nama-neutron, namagobolondo angaphandle amaningana anezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ze-subatomic zama-athomu, ama-electron.

Ngenkathi i- ama-electron ube necala elibi, ama-proton inani elilinganayo likagesi kepha lihle futhi neutron abanankokhelo. Imodeli yamashaji kagesi nezendlalelo yathuthukiswa nguBohr, futhi isebenza kahle ukuchaza izibopho eziphakathi kwama-athomu ahlukile.

Izici

I-athomu ihlale inezici ezithile, eziwusizo ukuqonda ukuqoqwa kwazo ezikwenzayo kanye nezinhlangano ezahlukahlukene. I-athomu ihlale ine- inombolo ye-athomu (imelwe yincwadi Z) elichaza inani lama-proton eliqukethe, elilingana nelama-electron. Iphinde ibe ne- inombolo yesisindo, emelwe yile ncwadi TO, okusho isamba samaprotoni nama-neutron okuqukethwe isici ku-nucleus yaso.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Kunezigaba ezahlukahlukene zama-athomu, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okuvame kakhulu okwenziwa kufayela le- ithebula lesikhathi zezakhi, ezihlukanisa ama-athomu ngokwenombolo yawo ye-athomu: okuwukuphela kwesici esine-proton eyodwa ku-nucleus yi-hydrogen.

Lezi zinto zivame ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwe- izinsimbi, ezinokuthambekela kokulahlekelwa ama-electron kugobolondo lawo lokugcina bese zakha lokho okwaziwa njengama-ion amahle, kusuka ku- azikho izinsimbi ukuthi ngokuphambene wamukele ama-electron kusendlalelo sayo sokugcina akha ama-ion amabi.

Umlando We-Atomic Theory

I- umbono we-athomu ukuqonda lezi zinto njengeyunithi encane yokwakheka kwendaba bekukhona kusukela eGrisi lasendulo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho Bohr Kubandakanya inqwaba yosokhemisi abanikela ngemibuzo maqondana nocwaningo.

Ngo-1803, UJohn dalton Walingisa i-athomu ngokukhombisa ukuthi inyunyana phakathi kwabo yenziwa ngeziphakamiso ezithile ezithile. UJohn Thomson, yena, unqume amacala avumayo namabi nokuguqulwa kwama-ion azo zombili lezi zimpawu. Okulandelayo phakathi kwabandulelayo bakaBohr kwaba URutherford, obubangela umbuzo wamazinga ahlukene nezendlalelo zikagesi.

Amamodeli alandelana kuze kube yizifundo zamanje ze- Umbono we-Quantum, ikakhulukazi eyenzelwe izinkambu. Ngokusobala, kuqinisekile ukuthi ukwakheka kwe-nucleus ye-athomu nezinhlayiya ezikwenzayo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokwakheka kwendabuko kwama-athomu kagesi.

Okulandelayo, uhlu oluphelele lwezinto zethebula lezikhathi, ezakha ingqikithi yama-athomu akhiwe.