-Delile
Kuyaziwa njenge Umfanekiso enhlanganweni yezazi nezamasiko ezalelwa eYurophu maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, ikakhulukazi eFrance, eJalimane naseNgilandi, futhi kwezinye izimo okwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye.
Igama lakhe livela ekukholweni kwakhe ngesizathu kanye nenqubekela phambili njengamandla okukhanyisa empilo yomuntu. Ngalesi sizathu, ikhulu le-18, lapho lalinezimbali zalo zangempela, laziwa ngokuthi "Inkathi Yokukhanyiselwa".
Ukufundwa okuyisisekelo kokuKhanyiselwa kubambe ukuthi ukucabanga komuntu bekukwazi ukulwa nobumnyama bokungazi, inkolelo-ze nobushiqela, ukuze kwakheke umhlaba ongcono njalo. Lo moya wagqama kwezombusazwe zaseYurophu, isayensi, ezomnotho, ezobuciko kanye nomphakathi wangaleso sikhathi, wenza indlela yawo phakathi konxiwankulu kanye nezicukuthwane.
I- I-French RevolutionNgalo mqondo, izomela uphawu oluyinkinga kakhulu lwale ndlela entsha yokucabanga, ngoba ngenkathi beqeda umbuso wobukhosi futhi bakwenza lokho kusukela ku-feudal order, lapho iNkolo neSonto babamba iqhaza elithile.
Imibono yokuKhanyiselwa
Imibono yesici sale nhlangano ingafingqwa ngokuthi:
- I-Anthropocentrism. Njengasekuzalweni kabusha, ukunaka komhlaba kugxile kumuntu kunakuNkulunkulu. Umuntu ubhekwa, acatshangelwe futhi acatshangelwe, njengomhleli wesiphetho sakhe, esiguqulela ekuhlelweni kwezwe, lapho umuntu akwazi khona ukufunda okudingekayo ukuze aphile kangcono. Ngakho-ke kwazalwa umqondo wenqubekela phambili.
- Ukucabanga. Konke kuqondwa ngesihlungi sesizathu somuntu kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho komhlaba onengqondo, ukuhambisa izinkolelo-ze, ukukholwa kwezenkolo kanye nezici ezingokomzwelo zengqondo ziye endaweni emnyama neyesabekayo. Ihlelo lokuhleleka alibukeki lingahlelekile kokungalingani, okulinganayo noma okungalingani.
- I-Hypercriticism. Ukukhanyiselwa kwenziwa ukubuyekeza nokuhumusha kabusha okwedlule, okwaholela ekuguqulweni kwezinto ezithile kwezepolitiki nakwezenhlalo, okuzoholela esifisweni sama-utopias ezepolitiki. Kulesi simo, imisebenzi kaRousseau neMontesquieu izoba ngukhiye ekwakheni okungenani imibono yezinhlangano ezilinganayo nezinobudlelwano.
- I-Pragmatism. Umbandela othile we-utilitarianism ubekwa emcabangweni, lapho lokho okuthobela umsebenzi wokuguqula umphakathi kunelungelo. Kungakho izinhlobo ezithile zemibhalo ezinjengenoveli zingena enkingeni nase-eseyi, kumiswa amanoveli wokufunda, ama-comedies noma ama-encyclopedia.
- Ukulingisa. Ukukholwa ekucabangeni nasekuhlaziyweni kuvame ukusiholela ekucabangeni okwangempela njengesici (ikakhulukazi kwi-neoclassicism yaseFrance, ekhawulela ngokweqile) futhi sicabange ukuthi imisebenzi yobuciko ingatholwa ngokumane unciphise futhi uphinde wenze iresiphi yawo efanelekile. Kule panorama yobuhle, ukunambitheka okuhle kuyabusa futhi kubi, okuthusayo noma okungaphelele kuyaliwa.
- Imibono. Ubukhulu obuthile kule ndlela yokucabanga buyayilahla inhlamba, njengesiphephelo ezinkolelweni eziyinkolo, ekuhleleni kabusha isimilo nasekuziphatheni okungafanelekile. Ezindabeni zolimi, inkulumo enesiko inelungelo, ubumsulwa buyalandelwa futhi ezindabeni zobuciko izihloko "ezinganambitheki" ezinjengokuzibulala noma ubugebengu ziyenqatshwa.
- I-universalism. Ngokuphikisana nezindinganiso zikazwelonke nezendabuko ezaphakanyiswa yiRomanticism, i-Enlightenment ithi ingumuntu ohlukile futhi ithatha ukuhlobana okuthile kwamasiko. Izincwadi zokuhamba ziyamukelwa, futhi okungajwayelekile njengomthombo womuntu nowendawo yonke. Ngakho-ke isiko lamaGrikhi namaRoma nalo liyabekwa, lithathwa ngokuthi "liyindawo yonke" kunazo zonke ezikhona.
Ukubaluleka Kokukhanyiselwa
Ukukhanyiselwa kwakuyinhlangano yokuthatha isinqumo emlandweni wemicabango yaseNtshonalanga, kusukela yephuliwe ngemithetho yendabuko eyakhiwe phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi.
Kulelo zinga, wabeka izisekelo zezwe lamanje kanye nokuvela kwesimanjemanje. Isayensi njengenkulumo ebusayo yomhlaba, kanye nokuqongelelwa kolwazi, yaba amanani abalulekile, njengoba kufakazelwa ukuvela kwe I-Encyclopedia, ukuthuthuka okungazelelwe ezindabeni ze-physics, i-optics ne-mathematics, noma ukuvela ku-Fine Arts ye-Greco-Roman Neoclassicism.
Ngokudabukisayo, lezi zisekelo zaveza ukuvela kwamuva kwe-Romanticism yaseJalimane, eyayiphikisana nemizwa engalawulwa yimbongi kumodeli we-rationalist njengenani eliphakeme lomuntu nobuciko.
Okwesibili, Ukukhanyiselwa kufakazele ukukhuphuka kongxiwankulu njengesigaba esisha somphakathi esidlangile, esizogcizelelwa kulo lonke ikhulu leminyaka elizayo, sibeke abasebukhosini endaweni yesibili.. Ngenxa yalokhu, iqala ukukhuluma ngemithethosisekelo kanye neLiberalism, kuthi kamuva iSivumelwano Sezenhlalo (esenzweni sikaJean Jacques Rousseau), Utopian Socialism, kanye nomnotho wezepolitiki, ovela esandleni sika-Adam Smith nombhalo wakhe kuzovela. Ingcebo Yezizwe (1776).
Ibalazwe lomhlaba liba yinjongo ebalulekile, ngoba umhlaba omnyama futhi oyimfihlo wenkolo yangesikhathi esidlule uba umhlaba owaziwayo nowengqondo yelanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imizamo yokuqala yokukhucululwa kwendle nokuthuthukiswa kwezokwelapha kungenxa yokucabanga okukhanyisiwe njengenkulumo ebaluleke emphakathini.
