Okokhelekayo

-Delile

• Izinhlobo zokubasa
• Izici ze-Fuel
• Izibonelo zokubasa

Ibizwa okokubasa kuzo zonke izindaba ezithinteka ekuphenduleni kwe namachibi amandla anobudlova akhipha inani lamandla okushisa (exothermic), imvamisa ekhipha isikhutha (CO₂) kanye nezinye izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali njengodoti. Lokhu kuziphatha kwaziwa njengokushisa komlilo futhi kuphendula ifomula:

uphethiloli + i-oxidizer = imikhiqizo + namandla

• I- okokubasa kunjalo,izinto ezivuthayo, ezinamandla wekhalori ajwayelekileesetshenziswa ngumuntu ukufudumeza amakhaya akho, ukupheka ukudla kwakho, nokwenza ugesi (njengasezitshalweni zamandla) noma ukunyakaza (njengasezinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo).
• I-izihlanganisi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yizinto noma izindlela ezikwaziyo ukuthuthukisa le nqubo yokushisa. Zingama-oxidants amakhulu anamandla.

Izinhlobo zokubasa

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zikaphethiloli nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuzihlukanisa, kepha phakathi kwakho konke mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu ukubheka umthethosisekelo wawo wamakhemikhali, okungukuthi:

• Amafutha ezimbiwa phansi. Ingabe mayelana izinsimbi nezinto ezitholwe kwimvelo futhi ezingashiswa umlilo ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo noma ezimweni ezithile, njengalezo zensimbi ezithile ezikhiqiza ilangabi ngaphandle kobukhona be-oxygen.
• Amafutha ezimbiwa phansi. Kubandakanya amaketanga amade we ama-hydrocarbon yemvelaphi engokwemvelo, okwathi, ngaphansi kwengcindezi yezemvelo kanye inzika baba yizinto zamandla aphezulu wekhalori, njengoyela noma amalahle.
• Amafutha we-Fusion. Lezi yizinto zemvelo noma zokwenziwa zemisebe, ukukhishwa okungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ukusabela kochungechunge lwe-athomu ngamandla amakhulu, afana nalawo avela ebhomu le-athomu.
• Ama-biofuels. Lezi yizinto ezivuthayo ezitholakala ekusetshenzisweni nasekuvutsheni kwe-anaerobic ye- udoti wemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela kwakhiwe utshwala noma ama-ether anamandla wekhalori ahlobene kepha izindleko eziphansi kakhulu zokukhiqiza.
• Okokubasa okungokwemvelo. Ingabe mayelana amafutha, owoyela nezinye izinto zemvelaphi ephilayo imvelo yazo ivumela ukuthungela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile futhi esivame ukukusebenzisa ekhishini.

Izici ze-Fuel

Amafutha anochungechunge lwezinto eziguquguqukayo zamakhemikhali ezibonisa izakhiwo zawo nokuthi zifundwa kuphi, njenge:

• Ukushisa amandla. Amandla wokukhiqiza ukushisa kaphethiloli, okungukuthi, ukusebenza kwawo okushisayo ngesikhathi somlilo.
• Ukushisa kokushisa. Iphuzu lokushisa nengcindezi edingekayo ukuze umlilo noma ilangabi kwenzeke endabeni, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokwengeza ukushisa okungeziwe ukukuqhubekisela phambili.
• Ubuningi kanye ne-viscosity. Izici zento evuthayo eveza ukuswakama kwayo kanye ne- ukuminyanaokungukuthi, isisindo esiphelele sento ngokuya kwevolumu ekuyo nezinga lokuhlangana phakathi kwezinhlayiya zayo noma ukumiswa kokuqina okukuyo.
• Okuqukethwe komswakama. Ichaza izinga lamanzi akhona kuphethiloli.

Izibonelo zokubasa

1. Amalahle. Amalahle angenye yezinhlobo zekhabhoni ngokwemvelo, kanye ne-graphite nedayimane: ukuhlanganiswa kwe ama-athomu yalesi sici, kepha ihlelwe ngendlela ehluke kakhulu, ukuze ezinye zimelane kakhulu nezinye futhi zibe nezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zomzimba nezamakhemikhali. Endabeni yamalahle amaminerali, kuyidwala elimnyama nelivutha kalula, ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwalo okungeziwe nge-hydrogen, isulfure nezinye izinto.
2. Izinkuni. Ihlanganiswe yi-cellulose ne-lignin, ekhishwe yisiqu sezihlahla, izinkuni zikhula unyaka nonyaka ohlelweni lwamasongo agxilile. Bekulokhu kuyiphethiloli ye-quintessential yamahhavini, izindawo zokubasa umlilo nokuningi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, njengoba ishisa kalula nje futhi yakha amalahle (okupheka ku-grill). Lokhu futhi kuvame ukudala imililo yehlathi ekwazi ukuqeda izingxenyana ezinkulu zezinkuni futhi izinto eziphilayo yomile.
3. Ipharafini. Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-canfin noma i-kerex, iyinhlanganisela ewuketshezi yama-hydrocarbon, evuthayo futhi etholwe yi-distillation kawoyela, eqale isetshenziswe eziko nasezibanini futhi namuhla isetshenziswa njenge-jet fuel (Jet Petrol) nasekwakhiweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Kanye ne-solvent.
4. Uphethiloli. Umkhiqizo ocwengeke kakhulu wezakhi zikawoyela kaphethiloli, le ngxube yama-hydrocarbon itholwa ngu ziphuzo zazihluzwa i-fractional (FCC) futhi isetshenziselwa ukunika amandla izinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo emhlabeni jikelele. Inokusebenza kahle kwamandla amaningi ngokobukhulu bayo futhi ihlukaniswa ngokwenombolo yamanje ye-octane noma inombolo ye-octane. Umlilo wayo, nokho, ukhipha amagesi amaningi futhi izakhi ezinobuthi emkhathini.
5. Utshwala. Leli gama laziwa ngezinto zemvelo ezenziwe ngeqembu le-hydroxyl (-OH) elihlanganiswe ngokweqile ku-athomu ye-carbon egcwele. Ziyizinto ezivame kakhulu emvelweni futhi zikhiqizwa ngenxa ye- ukuvutshelwa ushukela wemvelo. Izici zabo ezithile zamakhemikhali zibenza babe izixazululo ezinhle, izibaseli futhi, esimweni esithile se-ethanol, ingxenye yemimoya eminingi.
6. Igesi yemvelo. Igesi yemvelo iyi- uphethiloli wezinsalela umkhiqizo wenhlanganisela ekhanyayo yama-hydrocarbon anegesi angatholakala kumadamu angaphansi komhlaba noma ahambisana namalahle noma uwoyela emvelweni. Kusetshenziswa kabanzi ukunika amandla izinjini zomlilo, ukushisa kwedolobha nezitshalo zamandla.
7. Amafutha omifino. Le ngxube ephilayo itholakala ezimbewini, izithelo kanye neziqu zezitshalo ezikhiqizwa ezicutshini zazo, njenge-sunflower, umnqumo noma ummbila. Yakhiwe, njengama-acid amaningi anamafutha, ama-fatty acids amathathu axhumene nemolekyuli ye-glycerin, yingakho isetshenziswa njengokudla -kupheka-, ukwenza insipho neminye imikhiqizo, futhi njenge-biofuel ezimotweni ezihlanganisiwe noma eziguquliwe.
8. I-Benzene. Le hydrocarbon enamakha yefomula yamakhemikhali C₆H₆, onama-athomu ekhabhoni anezikhala zeheksagoni ejwayelekile, iwuketshezi olungenambala futhi oluvutha kakhulu, olubangela i-carcinogenic futhi olunephunga elimnandi. Mhlawumbe uyikhemikhali elikhiqizwa kakhulu emhlabeni, ngoba kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa amanye ama-hydrocarbon futhi izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali, ngaphezu kokuba yingxenye ebalulekile yamafutha amaningi ezimoto nama-solvent.
9. Magnesium. I-Chemical element enophawu uMg, eyesikhombisa ngobuningi kuqweqwe lomhlaba futhi eyesithathu phakathi kwalabo abachithwa emanzini olwandle. Kuyi-ion ebalulekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila, yize le nsimbi ingakaze ihlanzeke ngokwemvelo. Iyasha kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngesimo samashisi noma uthuli, ikhiqiza ukukhanya okumhlophe okukhulu okwakuvame ukusetshenziswa ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuthwebula izithombe. Kodwa-ke, uma sekuvuliwe kunzima ukucisha, uma kunikezwa ukusebenza kwayo kabusha nge-nitrogen ne-CO.₂ womkhathi.
10. I-Propane. Igesi ephilayo engenambala, engenaphunga nefomula yamakhemikhali uC₃H₈, omlilo omkhulu nokuqhuma kwawo okwenza kube kuhle, kanye negesi yebutane (C₄H₁₀), ukunika amandla oveni, izitofu nezinye izindawo zasekhaya, ngoba ekamelweni lokushisa akunamanzi futhi ngenxa yalokho kuphephile. Kokubili kutholakala ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene zokucwengwa kukawoyela futhi ngokuhlangene kwakha iningi lamagesi avuthayo asetshenziselwa ukuhweba okuvamile namuhla (i-liquefied gas) kumasilinda nakuma-carafes.