-Delile
I- izinkinga zemveloyizinto zemvelo (noma ezenziwe ngabantu) ezithinta kabi ukongiwa kwemvelo, noma eziyingozi impilo yabantu abaphilayo.
Izinkinga eziningi zemvelo zivela esenzweni esingahlelwanga somuntu, okukhula kwakhe emadolobheni emhlabeni kudinga okungaphezulu nangaphezulu okumbiwayo kwendalo kwazo zonke izinhlobo: amanzi, amandla, umhlaba, okuphilayo kanye amaminerali.
Izinkinga zemvelo zivame ukunganakwa kuze kube yilezi zazo imiphumela kube sobala kakhulu, ngokusebenzisa izinhlekelele zemvelo, izinhlekelele zemvelo, izinsongo zomhlaba noma izingozi ezinkulu empilweni yabantu.
Izibonelo zezinkinga zemvelo
Ukubhujiswa kongqimba lwe-ozone. Lo mkhuba wokwehliswa kwesithiyo se-ozone emkhathini esihlunga futhi siphambukise imisebe yelanga yiwo obhalwe kahle kakhulu amashumi eminyaka, lapho ukungcola komkhathi ngenxa yokukhishwa kwamagesi kwaqala khuthaza ukubola kwe-ozone ku-oxygen, into ejwayele ukuhamba kancane ezindaweni eziphakeme. Kodwa-ke, ukululama kwayo ngokwengxenye kusanda kumenyezelwa.
Ukuqedwa kwamahlathi. Ingxenye yesithathu yomhlaba imbozwe ngamahlathi namahlathi, amele iphaphu elikhulu lemifino elivuselela nsuku zonke inani lomoya-mpilo osemkhathini. Ukugawulwa okusimeme nokungakhethi akugcini ngokusongela leli bhalansi lamakhemikhali elibaluleke kakhulu, elibalulekile empilweni, kepha futhi kuholela ekubhujisweni kwendawo yokuhlala yezilwane kanye nokulahleka kokumunwa kwenhlabathi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ama-hekthare ezitshalo ayi-129 million alahlekile eminyakeni eyishumi nesigamu edlule.
Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Eminye imibono iphakamisa ukuthi kungenxa yokungcola okuqhubekayo emashumini eminyaka, abanye ukuthi kuyingxenye yomjikelezo weplanethi. Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu njengesimo kukhomba ekufakweni kwesimo sezulu esomile kunaleso esinemvula futhi okuphambene nalokho, ekufudukeni kwamazinga okushisa nokwabiwa kabusha kwamanzi, konke lokhu okunemithelela emikhulu kubantu babantu, abajwayele isimo sezulu esizinzile samakhulu eminyaka.
Ukungcoliswa komoya. Amaleveli ukungcoliswa komoya Ziye zaphindaphindeka emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, umkhiqizo wemboni ye-hydrocarbon energy kanye nezinjini zomlilo, ezikhipha amathani amagesi anobuthi emkhathini, ngaleyondlela zonakalisa wona kanye umoya esiwuphefumulayo.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi. Ukukhishwa kwe- amakhemikhali kanye nemfucumfucu enobuthi kusuka embonini kuya emachibini nasemifuleni, kuyimbangela yezimvula ze-asidi, ukuqothulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuqedwa kwamanzi, okudinga izinyathelo ezimbi kakhulu ukuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwawo, okudingekayo ukuze kugcinwe impilo yemvelo zonke izinhlobo.
Ukwehla kwenhlabathi. Ukulinywa okulandelanayo kanye nezinhlobo zezolimo ezinamandla ezithi, ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe, zikhulise umkhiqizo ngaphandle kokubheka isidingo sokushintshaniswa kwenhlabathi, zihlwanyele inkinga yangomuso, ngoba inhlabathi iyaziqeda nya izakhamzimba nempilo yezitshalo iba nzima kakhulu esikhathini esiphakathi nendawo. Injalo imeko ye-soya monoculture, isibonelo.
Ukwenza imfucumfucu ngemisebe. Izitshalo zenuzi nsuku zonke zikhiqiza imfucumfucu enemisebe eyingozi empilweni yabantu, ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni, futhi inikezwe isikhathi eside somsebenzi esidlula ukuqina kweziqukathi zazo ezijwayelekile zomthofu. Ungayilahla kanjani le mfucuza enomthelela omncane kwezemvelo kuyinselelo okufanele ubhekane nayo.
Ukwenziwa kukadoti ongaboli owonakalayo. Ama-plastiki, ama-polymers, nezinye izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinto ezisetshenziswayo zezimboni zinezimpilo ezinde ikakhulukazi kuze kube yilapho sezigcina zingu-biodegrade. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi amathani ezikhwama zepulasitiki nezinye izinto ezilahlwayo zikhiqizwa nsuku zonke, umhlaba uzoba nendawo encane yokulahla udoti omude kangaka.
Bhekafuthi: Ukungcola Okukhulu Komhlabathi
Ukuncibilika kwePolar. Akwaziwa noma kungumkhiqizo wokushisa komhlaba noma ukuphela kwenkathi yeqhwa, kepha iqiniso ukuthi izingongolo ziyancibilika, zikhuphule izinga lamanzi olwandle futhi zibeke nemingcele yasogwini emisiwe. njengempilo ye-arctic ne-antarctic.
Ukunwetshwa kwamahlane. Abaningi izindawo ezingenabantu Zikhula kancane kancane ngenxa yesomiso, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokushisa komhlaba. Lokhu akuphikisani nezikhukhula ezinonya kwenye indawo, kepha akukho nokukhetha okunempilo empilweni.
Ukugcwala kwabantu. Emhlabeni we izinsiza ezilinganiselwe, ukukhula okunganqandeki kwesibalo sabantu kuyinkinga yezemvelo. Ngo-1950 isibalo sonke sabantu asizange sifinyelele ezigidigidini ezi-3, kanti ngo-2012 sesivele sedlula 7. Isibalo sabantu sesiphindaphindeke kathathu kule minyaka engama-60 edlule, nakho okuvula ikusasa lobuphofu nokuncintisana ngezinsizakusebenza.
I-acidification yolwandle. Kukhuphuka kwe-pH yamanzi olwandle, njengomkhiqizo wezinto ezingezwe yi imboni yabantu. Lokhu kunomthelela ofana nowe-osteoporosis yabantu ezinhlotsheni zasolwandle kanye nokukhula kwezinye izinhlobo ze-algae ne-plankton kuyanda ngaphezu kwabanye, kwephula ibhalansi ye-trophic.
Ukumelana namagciwane kuma-antibiotic. Kungenzeka kungabi yinkinga yezemvelo nakancane, ngoba kuthinta kakhulu impilo yabantu, kepha kungumphumela wokuvela kokusetshenziswa kabi okuqhubekayo kwe ama-antibiotic amashumi eminyaka, okuholele ekwakhiweni kwe- amagciwane amelana kakhudlwana lokho bekungeke kuhlukumeze umuntu kuphela, kepha nakwezilwane eziphakeme kakhulu.
Isizukulwane semfucumfucu yesikhala. Yize kungahle kungabonakali kufana nayo, le nkinga iqale ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 futhi ithembisa ukuba nenkinga ezikhathini ezizayo, njengoba ibhande lemfucumfucu yasemkhathini esivele iqala ukuzungeza iplanethi yethu landa ngamasathelayithi alandelanayo nezinsalela zemishini yasemkhathini lokho, uma sekusetshenzisiwe futhi kulahliwe, kuhlala kuzungeza iplanethi yethu.
Ukuqedwa kwesisetshenziswa okungavuseleleki. I- ama-hydrocarbonNgaphezu kwakho konke, ziyizinto eziphilayo ezakhiwe ngaphezulu kwama-eons omlando we-tectonic futhi zisetshenziswe kakhulu nangokunganaki ukuthi kungekudala zizosetshenziswa ngokuphelele. Imiphi imiphumela yezemvelo eletha, esazobonakala; kodwa umjaho wokuthola izindlela zoku Amanye amandla ayikhombisi ngaso sonke isikhathi kwizisombululo eziluhlaza.
Ukutshala ubumpofu bezitshalo. Ubunjiniyela bezitshalo zezolimo kungabonakala njengesixazululo sesikhashana sokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kokudla ukwanelisa inani labantu elandayo, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kubangela ukuwohloka kwesitshalo. ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kohlobo imifino etshaliwe futhi inomthelela omubi ukuncintisana phakathi kwezinhlobo, ngoba kusebenza umbandela we ukukhethwa kokufakelwa lokho konakalisa izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zesifunda.
Ukungcola kwe-Photochemical. Lokhu kwenzeka emadolobheni amakhulu athuthukile, lapho kunemimoya embalwa yokusabalalisa ukungcoliswa komoya, kanye ne-UV eningi ikhathaza ukusabela okweqile futhi okunobuthi kwe-oxidant kwempilo yemvelo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-photochemical smog.
Bhekafuthi: Ukungcola komoya okuyinhloko
Ukwehlukaniswa kwezindawo zemvelo. Ukukhula kwesibalo sasemadolobheni, ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yezimayini kanye nokugawulwa kwemithi okuqhubekayo, sekucekele phansi izindawo eziningi zemvelo, okuholele ekuqothulweni kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni jikelele ngezinga elikhathazayo.
Umphumela wokushisa noma ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Lo mbono uthatha ukuthi ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa lomhlaba kungumkhiqizo wokubhujiswa kongqimba lwe-ozone (kanye nokwanda okuphezulu kwemisebe ye-UV), kanye namazinga aphezulu e-CO2 nabanye amagesi emkhathini, okuvimba ukukhishwa kokushisa kwemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela kuholele kuzimo eziningi esezichaziwe.
Ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Kungaba ngokuzingela ngokungakhethi, ukuhweba ngezilwane noma umphumela we ukungcola kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zabo zokuhlala, njengamanje kusakhulunywa ngokuqothulwa okukhulu kwesithupha kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kulokhu okuwumkhiqizo wesintu. Uhlu lwezinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini lubanzi kakhulu futhi, ngokusho kocwaningo lwezazi zebhayoloji ezikhethekile kule ndawo, ama-70% ezinhlobo zezilwane zomhlaba anganyamalala maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka uma kungathathwa izinyathelo zokuvikela.
Imininingwane engaphezulu?
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