Amakhemikhali we-Organic and Inorganic

-Delile

• Izibonelo zama-organic compounds
• Izibonelo zamakhemikhali angavamile

I- izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali yizinto ezakhiwe ezimbili noma ngaphezulu izakhi ezihlobene nomunye nomunye, ngaleyo ndlela ziveza into entsha ngokuphelele futhi ehlukile. Ngokuvumelana ne uhlobo lwama-athomu ezakha lezi zinhlanganisela, singakhuluma ngamakhemikhali aphilayo nangaphilayo:

Ubizwa ngegama izinhlanganisela eziphilayo lezo eziqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-athomu ekhabhoni ne-hydrogen, ngokuhlangana nokwakheka nezinye izinto. EMpumalanga uhlobo lwamakhemikhali unayo ama-covalent bond (phakathi kwama-athomu okungewona awensimbi) wezinto ezimbalwa (kusuka kwamabili kuye kwabahlanu) futhi anenkinga enkulu, akhona cishe amamiliyoni ayizigidi eziyishumi zalolu hlobo. Ziyakhuphula impilo futhi zifihliwe yizidalwa eziphilayo.

I- izinhlanganisela ezingaphili, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuvamile awaqukethe ama-athomu ekhabhoni, noma ama-hydrogen-carbon bond (ajwayelekile we ama-hydrocarbon), futhi ama-athomu abo angaxhunyaniswa ngu izibopho ze-ionic (metallic and non-metallic atom) noma i-covalent. Ingabe izinto ingaqukatha izinto eziningi kusuka kunoma imuphi umthombo kuthebula lesikhathi futhi ziyi abaqhubi bakagesi abahle.

Izibonelo zama-organic compounds

1. I-Methanol (CH₃OH). Yaziwa ngokhuni noma i-methyl alcohol, utshwala obulula kakhulu obukhona.
2. I-Propanone (C₃H₆NOMA). I-acetone ye-solvent kuphela, evuthayo futhi esobala, enephunga lesici.
3. I-Acetylene (C₂H₂). Ebizwa nangokuthi i-ethyne, ilula ngegesi i-alkyne kunomoya futhi engenambala, evutha kalula.
4. I-Ethyl ethanoate (CH₃-COO-C₂H₅). Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-ethyl acetate noma uviniga ether, esetshenziswa njenge-solvent.
5. Ifomu (CH₂0). Isetshenziswa njengesilondolozi sendaba yezinto eziphilayo (amasampuli, izidumbu), yaziwa nangokuthi i-methanal noma i-formaldehyde.
6. IGlycerin (C₃H₈NOMA₃). I-Glycerol noma i-propanetriol, ingumkhiqizo ophakathi nendawo we ukuvutshelwa ukucubungula utshwala nokugaya ukudla kwe-lipids.
7. Ishukela (C₆H₁₂NOMA₆). Iyunithi eyisisekelo yamandla ezintweni eziphilayo ushukela we-monosaccharide.
8. I-Ethanol (C.₂H₆NOMA). I-Ethyl alcohol, ekhona eziphuzweni ezidakayo, umphumela wokuvutshelwa kwe-anaerobic kashukela ngemvubelo.
9. I-Isopropanol (C₃H₈NOMA). I-Isopropyl alcohol, i-isomer of propanol, iba yi-acetone phezu kwe-oxidation.
10. I-Acetylsalicylic acid (C₉H₈NOMA₄). Isakhi esisebenzayo se-aspirin: i-analgesic, i-antipyretic, i-anti-inflammatory.
11. I-Sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂NOMA₁₁). Okuvame kakhulu ku- ama-carbohydrate: ushukela wetafula.
12. UFructose (C₆H₁₂NOMA₆). Izithelo ushukela ugcina ubudlelwane be-isomeric ne-glucose.
13. I-cellulose (C₆H₁₀NOMA₅). Isakhi esiyinhloko sezidalwa zezitshalo, sisebenza njengesakhiwo odongeni lweseli lesitshalo nanjengendawo yokugcina amandla.
14. INitroglycerin (C₃H₅N₃NOMA₉). Ukuqhuma okunamandla, kutholakala ngokuxuba i-nitric acid egxilile, i-sulfuric acid ne-glycerin.
15. I-Lactic acid (C₃H₆NOMA₃). Ibaluleke kakhulu ekuvuseleleni izinqubo zomzimba womuntu lapho ubhekene nokugxila kwe-oxygen ephansi, ukukhiqizwa kwe-glucose nge-lactic fermentation.
16. I-Benzocaine (C₉H₁₁Cha₂). Isetshenziswa njengokubulala izinzwa kwasendaweni, yize ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezinganeni kunemiphumela yesibili yobuthi obukhulu.
17. ILidocaine (C₁₄H₂₂N₂NOMA). Enye into yokubulala izinzwa, esetshenziswa kabanzi ekwelashweni kwamazinyo nanjenge-antiarrhythmic.
18. I-Lactose (C₁₂H₂₂NOMA₁₁). Yakhiwe nge-galactose ne-glucose, ngushukela onikeza ubisi lwezilwane amandla alo amandla.
19. Cocaine (C₁₇H₂₁Cha₄). I-alkaloid enamandla etholakala esitshalweni se-coca futhi yahlanganiswa ukukhiqiza umuthi ongekho emthethweni wegama elifanayo.
20. I-Ascorbic acid (C₆H₈NOMA₆). Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-vitamin C ebalulekile yezithelo ezisawolintshi.

Ingakusebenzela: Izibonelo Zokungcola Okungokwemvelo

Izibonelo zamakhemikhali angavamile

1. I-Sodium Chloride (NaCl). Usawoti ojwayelekile wokudla kwethu.
2. I-Hydrochloric acid (HCl). Enye yamandla amakhulu ama-asidi owaziwayo, ungomunye walabo abakhishwe isisu ukugaya ukudla.
3. I-Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄). I-asidi esebenzayo yamanzi, emelana ne-oxidation, ukuhwamuka nokunciphisa, esetshenziswa embonini yeziphuzo ezithambile.
4. I-Sulfuric acid (H₂SW₄). Esinye sezikhubekiso ezinkulu ezaziwayo, sisetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zemboni futhi sikhiqizwa ngobuningi emhlabeni.
5. I-potassium iodide (KI). Lo sawoti usetshenziswa kabanzi ekuthwebuleni izithombe nasekwelashweni ngemisebe.
6. I-potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂NOMA₇). Usawoti owolintshi, oxidisa kakhulu, okwazi ukudala umlilo lapho uhlangana nezinto zemvelo.
7. I-Silver chloride (AgCl). Isetshenziswa kakhulu ku-electrochemistry nasemalabhorathri, ngenxa yokuthi incibilika kakhulu emanzini, iyisiqina samakristalu.
8. I-ammonia (NH₃). Ebizwa nangokuthi i-azano noma igesi ye-ammonium, igesi engenambala elinothile ku-nitrogen onephunga elibi kakhulu.
9. I-Cuprous sulfate (Cu₂SW₄). Usawoti ongancibiliki, osetshenziswa njengesibulali magciwane kanye nombala wezinsimbi.
10. I-Silicon oxide (i-SiO₂). Imvamisa ibizwa ngokuthi i-silica, yakha i-quartz ne-opal, futhi ingenye yezingxenye zesihlabathi.
11. I-Iron sulfate (i-FeSO₄). Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-vitriol eluhlaza, i-melanterite noma i-caparrosa eluhlaza, iwusawoti oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka osetshenziswa njengombala futhi njengokwelashwa kwama-anemias athile.
12. ICalcium Carbonate (CaCO₃). Kudala isetshenziswa njenge-antacid futhi embonini yezingilazi nosimende, kuyinto eningi kakhulu emvelweni, njengamadwala noma njengamagobolondo namathambo ezilwane ezithile.
13. I-Lime (i-CaO). I-calcium oxide nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwayo, esetshenziswa kakhulu emixubeni yokwakha njenge-binder.
14. I-Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃). Yethula kwizicimi-mlilo noma emikhiqizweni eminingi edlayo neyezokwelapha, ine-pH ene-alikhali kakhulu.
15. I-Potassium hydroxide (KOH). I-potassium soda, esetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezinsipho namanye ama-solvent.
16. I-sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Ibizwa ngokuthi yi-caustic soda noma i-caustic soda, isetshenziswa ephepheni, endwangu kanye nasensanini yezimboni yokuvula.
17. I-ammonium nitrate (NH₄Cha₃). Umanyolo wezolimo onamandla.
18. ICobalt Silicate (CoSiO₃). Isetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezingulube (njenge-cobalt blue).
19. I-Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄). Usawoti we-Epsom noma usawoti wesiNgisi, lapho ufaka amanzi. Inokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha okuningi, ikakhulukazi kwemisipha, noma njengosawoti wokugeza.
20. I-Barium chloride (i-BaCl₂). Usawoti onobuthi kakhulu osetshenziswa kwizingulube, ekwelapheni insimbi, naseziqhumini zomlilo.