-Delile
I-izakhi zamakhemikhali Ziyizinto ezingenakuncishiswa noma ziboleke zibe ezinye izinto ezilula. Ngalesi sizathu, kungashiwo ukuthi i-elementi iyikho konke ndaba yenziwe ngu ama-athomu wesigaba esifanayo nehlukile.
Incazelo yokuqala ye- isici samakhemikhali yethulwe nguLavoisier ku Imfanelo Élémentaire de Chimie, ngo-1789. Emuva ngekhulu le-18, iLavoisier yahlukanisa izinto ezilula zaba ngamaqembu amane:
- Izinto zemizimba;
- Izinto ezingekho metallic oxidizable futhi acidifiable;
- Izinto zensimbi ezixhuma futhi zenziwe kalula, futhi ...
- Izinto zasemhlabeni ezingalungiswa.
Ithebula lezikhathi ezithile zezinto
Namuhla Izakhi zamakhemikhali eziyi-119 ziyaziwa, ehlukaniswe ngamaqembu angama-18 kanye nezikhathi eziyi-7. Zonke lezi zinto zihlanganiswa ngesikimu sokuqhafaza esaziwa ngePeriodic Table of the Elements, esasidalwe ngusokhemisi waseRussia uDimitri Mendeleyev ku 1869.
I- amaqembu amakhulu okungatholakala kulelithebula izinsimbi ze-alkali, izinsimbi zomhlaba ezine-alikhali, izinsimbi eziguqukayo (okuyiqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke), izinsimbi zangemva kokuguquka, izinsimbi zensimbi, azikho izinsimbi (izakhi eziyisisekelo zokuphila zitholakala lapha, njenge-oxygen ne-nitrogen), ama-halogen, Amagesi amahle, futhi ekugcineni, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamaqembu ezinto, ama-lanthanides nama-actinides, kwesinye isikhathi abizwa ngokujwayelekile njengemhlaba ongavamile (yize amanye eningi kakhulu).
Eziningi zalezi zinto zine-isotopes enemisebe. Izakhi zamakhemikhali zinezici zesici ezifana nephuzu le- ukubilisa nalokho kwe ukuhlanganiswa, amandla kagesi, ukuminyana ne-ionic radius, phakathi kwabanye. Lezi zici zibalulekile ngoba zivumela ukubikezela ukusebenza kwayo, ukwenza kabusha, njll.
Izici nedatha
Isici ngasinye samakhemikhali sibonakala sinezinto eziningana. Okokuqala, its uphawu lwendawo yonke, equkethe uhlamvu olulodwa noma ezimbili (ngomhlangano, uma kunezinhlamvu ezimbili, eyokuqala ibhalwa ngofeleba bese kuthi elandelayo ibhalwe ngonobumba omncane).
Ngaphezulu nangakwesobunxele kuvela ku-typeface su encaneinombolo ye-athomu, okuyiyona ekhombisa inani lama-proton onale nto. Ngemuva kwalokho i- igama eliphelele le-elementi futhi ngezansi kwalokhu kukhombisa inombolo ekhombisa isisindo se-athomu ngamagremu imvukuzane ngayinye.
Izakhi ezahlukahlukene zinamanani e-athomu ahlukahlukene, futhi njengoba inani lama-proton akwi-nucleus landa, ukukhanga okukhulu okukhona kuma-electron, ngakho-ke ivolumu ivame ukwehla. Lapho ivolumu ye-athomu incane, ama-electron asezingeni elingaphezulu kwefu akhangwa kakhulu yi-nucleus, ngakho-ke awadeli kalula. Okuphambene kwenzeka ngezinto ezinamanani aphezulu e-athomu: zishiya ama-electron azo angaphandle kalula.
Izibonelo zezakhi zamakhemikhali
| Isici samakhemikhali | Uphawu |
| I-Actinium | Ac |
| I-Aluminium | Ku |
| I-Americium | I-A.M |
| Ubunyoninco | Sb |
| I-Argon | Ar |
| I-Arsenic | Ace |
| I-Astat | Ngo- |
| Isibabule | S |
| I-Barium | Ba |
| IBeryllium | Yiba |
| IBerkelium | Bk |
| IBismuth | Bi |
| UBohrio | Bh |
| IBoron | B |
| Bromine | Br |
| I-Cadmium | CD |
| I-calcium | AC |
| I-Californium | Cf |
| Ikhabhoni | C |
| I-Cerium | EC |
| I-Cesium | Cs |
| Iklorini | Cl |
| ICobalt | Co |
| Ithusi | Cu |
| I-Chrome | Cr |
| I-Curium | Cm |
| Darmstadio | Ds |
| I-Dysprosium | UDy |
| I-Dubnium | Db |
| I-Einsteinium | Ikona |
| I-Erbium | U-Er |
| I-Scandium | Sc |
| Tin | Sn |
| IStrontium | UMnu |
| I-Europium | U-Eu |
| I-Fermium | Fm |
| I-fluorine | F |
| Fanisa | P |
| UFrancius | UFr |
| IGadolinium | Gd |
| I-Gallium | Ga |
| IGermanium | Ge |
| I-Hafnium | Hf |
| I-Hassio | Hs |
| I-Helium | ngine |
| I-Hydrogen | H |
| Insimbi | Ukholo |
| IHolmium | Ho |
| Indiya | Ku- |
| Iodine | Mina |
| Iridium | Ukuhamba |
| Ytterbium | Yb |
| Yttrium | FUTHI |
| IKrypton | UKr |
| I-Lanthanum | I- |
| Lawrencio | ULr |
| ILithium | U-Li |
| ILutetium | UMsombuluko |
| Magnesium | Mg |
| AmaManganese | Mnu |
| UMeitnerius | Mt |
| I-Mendelevium | Md |
| I-Mercury | Hg |
| I-Molybdenum | Mo |
| I-Neodymium | Na |
| UNeon | Ne |
| I-Neptunium | Np |
| I-Niobium | Nb |
| I-Nickel | Akunjalo |
| I-nitrogen | N |
| UNobelio | Cha |
| Igolide | I-Au |
| Osmium | Wena |
| Oxygen | NOMA |
| IPalladium | P.S |
| Isiliva | Ag |
| IPlatinamu | Pt |
| Hola | Pb |
| IPlutonium | Pu |
| I-Polonium | Po |
| Potassium | K |
| I-Praseodymium | Pr |
| I-Prometius | P.m |
| I-Protactinium | I-Pa |
| Umsakazo | Ra |
| URadon | Rn |
| I-Rhenium | Re |
| Rhodium | Rh |
| Rubidium | Rb |
| Ruthenium | Ru |
| URutherfordio | Rf |
| I-Samarium | Yebo |
| Seaborgio | Sg |
| Selenium | ngiyazi |
| Silica | Yebo |
| Sodium | Na |
| Thallium | Tl |
| Tantalum | Ta |
| I-Technetium | Tc |
| I-Tellurium | Itiye |
| I-Terbium | Tb |
| Titanium | Wena |
| Thorium | UTh |
| Thulium | UTm |
| Ununbio | Uub |
| Ununhex | Uuh |
| Ununio | Uuu |
| Ununoctium | Uuo |
| Ununpentium | Qeda |
| Ununquadio | Uuq |
| Ununseptio | Uus |
| Ununtrium | Uut |
| Uranium | NOMA |
| UVanadium | V |
| I-Tungsten | UW |
| Xenon | Xe |
| Izinki | Zn |
| I-Zirconium | Zr |
Ingakusebenzela:
- Izibonelo Zamakhemikhali Amakhemikhali
- Izibonelo Zokuphendula Kwamakhemikhali
- Izibonelo ze-Chemical Phenomena
- Izibonelo Zensimbi Nezingezona Izinsimbi
