Izibonelo ze-Coenzymes - Encyclopedia

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Izibonelo zama-coenzymes

I- coenzymes noma izinhlaka ziwuhlobo oluncane lwe i-molecule ephilayo, engeyona eyamaprotheni, umsebenzi wayo emzimbeni ukuhambisa amaqembu amakhemikhali athile phakathi kwama-enzyme ahlukene, ngaphandle kokuba yingxenye yesakhiwo. Kuyindlela yokwenza kusebenze idla ama-coenzymes, avuselelwa ngokuqhubekayo yi-metabolism, avumela ukuqhubeka komjikelezo nokushintshaniswa kwamaqembu amakhemikhali anokutshalwa okuncane kwamakhemikhali namandla.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu zama-coenzymes, amanye awo ajwayelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila. Eziningi zazo zingamavithamini noma zivela kuzo.

Bhekafuthi: Izibonelo zama-Enzyme (nomsebenzi wazo)

Izibonelo zama-coenzymes

I-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (i-NADH ne-NAD +). Umbambiqhaza ekuphendukeni kwe-redox, le coenzyme itholakala kubo bonke amaseli izidalwa eziphilayo, kungaba yi-NAD + (eyenziwe kusukela ekuqaleni kusuka ku-tryptophan noma i-aspartic acid), i-oxidant ne-electron receptor; noma njenge-NADH (umkhiqizo wokuphendula i-oxidation), ukunciphisa umenzeli nomnikeli we-electron.
I-Coenzyme A (CoA). Ubhekele ukudlulisa amaqembu e-acyl adingekayo kumijikelezo ehlukahlukene ye-metabolic (njengokuhlanganiswa kanye ne-oxidation yamafutha acid), iyi-coenzyme yamahhala etholakala ku-vitamin B5. Inyama, amakhowe kanye ne-yolk yeqanda ukudla okunothile kule vithamini.
I-Tetrahydrofolic acid (iCoenzyme F). Yaziwa ngokuthi yi-coenzyme F noma i-FH₄ futhi itholakala ku-folic acid (Vitamin B₉), kubaluleke kakhulu emjikelezweni wokuhlanganiswa kwama-amino acid futhi ikakhulukazi i-purine, ngokudluliswa kwamaqembu e-methyl, formyl, methylene nama-formimino. Ukuntuleka kwale coenzyme kubangela i-anemia.
Uvithamini K. Ixhunywe ne-clotting factor, isebenza njengesisebenzisi samaprotheni e-plasma ahlukene kanye ne-osteocalcin. Itholakala ngezindlela ezintathu: Vitamin K₁, okugcwele kunoma yikuphi ukudla kanye nemvelaphi yemifino; Uvithamini K₂ yemvelaphi yebhaktheriya kanye noVithamini K₃ yemvelaphi yokwenziwa.
ICofactor F420. Kususelwa ku-flavin nasekubandakanyeni ekuthuthweni kwama-electron ekuphenduleni kwe-detox (redox), kubalulekile ezinqubweni eziningi ze-methanogenesis, sulfitoreduction kanye ne-oxygen detoxification.
I-Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Le molecule isetshenziswa yizo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ukondla amandla azo ukusabela kwamakhemikhali futhi isetshenziswe ekuhlanganisweni kwe-RNA yeselula. Iyona-molecule enkulu yokudlulisa amandla isuka kwesinye iseli iye kwesinye.
I-S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). Ibandakanyekile ekudlulisweni kwamaqembu e-methyl, yatholwa okokuqala ngo-1952. Yakhiwa i-ATP ne-methionine, futhi isetshenziswa njengesinciphisi ekuvikeleni i-Alzheimer's. Emzimbeni ikhiqizwa futhi idliwe ngu amaseli wesibindi.
I-Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Ebizwa nangokuthi i-sapropterin noma i-BH₄, i-coenzyme ebalulekile yokwenziwa kwe-nitric oxide nama-hydroxylases wama-amino acid anephunga elimnandi. Ukushoda kwayo kuxhumene nokulahleka kwama-neurotransmitter njenge-dopamine noma i-serotonin.
ICoenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone). Kuyaziwa nangokuthi ubidecarenone noma i-coenzyme Q, futhi kujwayelekile cishe kuwo wonke amaseli we-mitochondrial akhona. Kubalulekile ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula e-aerobic, kukhiqiza amandla angama-95% emzimbeni womuntu njenge-ATP. Kubhekwa njenge-antioxidant futhi kunconywa njengesengezo sokudla, ngoba ekugugeni le coenzyme ayisakwazi ukuhlanganiswa.
IGlutathione(GSH). Le tripeptide isivikela i-antioxidant neseli ekulweni nama-radicals wamahhala namanye ama-toxin. Yenziwe kahle esibindi, kepha noma yiliphi iseli lomuntu liyakwazi ukulenza lisuke kwamanye ama-amino acid, njenge-glycine. Kubhekwa njengomlingani obalulekile ekulweni nesifo sikashukela, izinqubo ezahlukahlukene ze-carcinogenic kanye nezifo zemizwa.
Uvithamini C (ascorbic acid). Yi-acid eshukela esebenza njenge i-antioxidant enamandla futhi ogama lakhe livela kulesi sifo esidala ukuntuleka kwaso, esibizwa iscurvy. Ukuhlanganiswa kwale coenzyme kuyabiza futhi kunzima, ngakho-ke ukudla kwayo kuyadingeka ngokudla.
Uvithamini B₁ (thiamine). I-molecule iyancibilika emanzini futhi ayincibiliki ngotshwala, edingekayo ekudleni cishe kwabo bonke okunomgogodla futhi nokuningi ama-microorganisms, yokwakheka komzimba we ama-carbohydrate. Ukuntuleka kwayo emzimbeni womuntu kuholela ezifweni ze-beriberi ne-Korsakoff syndrome.
I-Biocytin. Okubalulekile ekudlulisweni kwesikhutha, kwenzeka ngokwemvelo ku-serum yegazi nomchamo. Isetshenziselwa ucwaningo lwesayensi njenge-tincture yamaseli ezinzwa.
Uvithamini B₂ (riboflavin). Le pigment ephuzi ingukhiye ekudleni kwezilwane, ngoba idingwa yiwo wonke ama-flavoprotein namandla we-metabolism, lipids, ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni nama-amino acid. Ingatholakala ngokwemvelo obisini, elayisi, noma emifino eluhlaza.
Uvithamini B₆ (pyridoxine). I-coenzyme encibilikiswa ngamanzi ekhishwa ngomchamo, ngakho-ke kufanele ithathelwe indawo ngokudla: igciwane likakolweni, okusanhlamvu, amaqanda, inhlanzi nemidumba, phakathi kokunye ukudla. Kuyabandakanyeka ekwakhekeni komzimba we ama-neurotransmitters futhi inendima evelele esifundeni samandla.
I-lipoic acid. Isuselwe ku-octanoic fatty acid, ibandakanyeka ekusetshenzisweni kwe-glucose nasekusebenziseni ama-antioxidants amaningi. Kungenxa yemvelaphi yezitshalo.
Uvithamini H (biotin). Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Vitamin B₇ noma uB₈, kubalulekile ekwahlukaneni kwamafutha athile nama-amino acid, futhi ahlanganiswa amaningi amagciwane amathumbu
ICoenzyme B. Kubalulekile ekuphenduleni kwe-redox ejwayelekile yokwenziwa kwemethane ngempilo yamagciwane.
I-Cytidine triphosphate. Okusemqoka ekuguqulweni kwezinto eziphilayo, kuyimolekyuli enamandla amakhulu, efana ne-ATP. Kubalulekile ukuhlanganiswa kwe-DNA ne-RNA.
Ushukela we-Nucleotide. Abanikeli boshukela monosaccharides, zibalulekile kumthethosisekelo we-nucleic acid njenge-DNA noma i-RNA, ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zokuqinisekisa.