Izibonelo Zamazinga we-APA

Ividiyo: Imithetho Ye’Thongo, what not to do entwasweni.

-Delile

Izibonelo zamazinga we-APA

I- Imithetho ye-APA Ziyiqoqo lemithetho kanye nezimiso zokulungiselela amaphepha omumo wokucwaninga noma wokucwaninga. Lesi sitayela sendlela yasungulwa yi I-American Psycological Association futhi yasakazwa emhlabeni jikelele njengefomethi ejwayelekile yezikhombo nezichasiso zamagama nezwi.

Lo mthetho usetshenziswa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ekucwaningweni okusemthethweni kwezemfundo futhi uhlanganisa izindlela eziya kufomethi eyodwa okufanele ihlele umbhalo ophelele: amamajini, izingcaphuno zombhalo, imibhalo engezansi kanye nezinkomba zokugcina ze-bibliographic.

Izindinganiso ze-APA zivuselelwa njalo, ngezinhlobo ezilandelanayo ezifakiwe ezincwadini zabo ezisemthethweni.

Kungakusiza: Ukucashunwa kwe-Bibliographic

Amama weshidi. Imida yezinhlangothi ezine kufanele ibe ngu-2.54 cm, kuwo wonke umbhalo.

Imibhalo yaphansi. Amanothi kufanele akhonjiswe ngenkomba yezinombolo ezilandelanayo (1, 2, 3) emzimbeni wombhalo. Uma kuyizinkomba ezithuthukisa okwashiwo emsebenzini, kufanele ziye ezinyaweni zekhasi futhi zingasakazwa kumashidi amaningi. Uma kungama-athikili agcwele noma okunye okwengeziwe, kufanele ahambe njengamanothi wokugcina. Imibhalo yaphansi ayisetshenziselwa izinkomba ze-bibliographic.

Izinombolo zekhasi. Amakhasi ombhalo kufanele ahlelwe njalo ekhoneni eliphezulu noma elingezansi kwesobunxele, ngaphandle, uma kukhona, kwekhasi lekhava, ikhasi lesihloko namakhasi okuqala (ukwazisa, ama-epigraphs, njll.) Azocatshangelwa izinombolo kodwa hhayi Bazobalwa. Inombolo yekhasi kumele ihambisane nesibongo sombhali wombhalo: Isibongo 103

Ukopha. Umugqa wokuqala wendima ngayinye (ngaphandle komugqa wokuqala wombhalo) kufanele ufakwe izikhala ezinhlanu ngaphambi kwegama lokuqala. Lesi sikhala silingana nethebhu (hit of the key ithebhu).

Izifinyezo. Imibhalo yezemfundo ivame ukusebenzisa izifinyezo ekubhekisweni kwabo, izingcaphuno noma imibhalo ekhombisayo:

- isahl. (isahluko)
- ed. (uhlelo)
- rev. (uhlelo olubukeziwe)
- ukuhweba. (umhumushi noma umhumushi)
- s.f. (ngaphandle kosuku)
- k. (ikhasi)
- kk. (amakhasi)
- iklabishi. (ivolumu)
- cha. (inombolo)
- pt. (ingxenye)
- supl (engeza)
- ed (umshicileli noma umshicileli)
- comp. (umhlanganisi)
- comps. (abahlanganisi)

Ukucashunwa kwamazwi angaphansi kwamagama angama-40 noma imigqa emihlanu. Kufanele zifakwe kuzimpawu zokucaphuna eziphindwe kabili ("") ukuze zizihlukanise nombhalo wonke, ngaphandle kokushintsha isigaba. Kumele ihambisane nesethenjwa somzali:

UGautier ukuqinisekisile mayelana nokuziphatha ukuthi “yibo ubuciko obudlula bonke” (1985, ikhasi 4).

Ukucashunwa kwamazwi ngaphezu kwamazwi angama-40 noma imigqa emihlanu. Zibhalwe ngosayizi omncane wefonti (iphuzu elilodwa noma amabili) kunombhalo ojwayelekile, zihlonyiswe ngamathebhu amabili futhi ngaphandle kwezimpawu zokucaphuna, njengecala eceleni kombhalo futhi zihambisana nesethenjwa sazo somzali.

Ukucaphuna noma ukucaphuna ngamagama. Amagama afingqiwe, okusho ukuthi, imibono yabanye abantu efingqwe ngamagama abo, kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi ikhombise ukuqanjwa kokuqala. Ukubhekiswa komzali ngegama lesibongo lomlobi nonyaka wokushicilelwa komsebenzi wakhe kukhonjisiwe ekugcineni kokuchazwa okulandelayo:

Izimbobo ezimnyama zikhipha izinhlobo zemisebe etholakalayo (Hawking, 2002) kanye ...

Izinkomba zabazali. Konke ukucashunwa nokuchazwa kokuqukethwe okucwaningwe kwenkampani yangaphandle kumele kubhekiswe kukho. Izethenjwa kumele ziveze: isibongo sombhali ocashuniwe + unyaka wokushicilelwa wenombolo + yekhasi (uma kudingeka):

(Soublette, 2002, ikhasi 45)
(Soublette, 2002)
(Soublette, ikhasi 45)
(2002, ikhasi 45)

Yisho ababhali ababili noma ngaphezulu. Uma umbhalo ocashuniwe unombhali ongaphezu koyedwa, izibongo zabo kufanele zifakwe kusethenjwa, zehlukaniswe ngamakhoma ekugcineni ngophawu lwe- "&":

Ababhali ababili: Mckenzie & Wright, 1999, k. 100
Ababhali abathathu: Mckenzie, Wright & Lloyce, 1999, k. 100
Ababhali abahlanu: Mckenzie, Wright, Lloyce, Farab & López, 1999, p. 100

Yisho umbhali omkhulu nabanikeli. Uma umbhalo ocashuniwe unombhali omkhulu nabahlanganyeli, igama lomlobi oyinhloko kufanele lifakwe kusethenjwa, bese kuba nesisho et al:

UMckenzie, et al., 1999.
UMckenzie, uWight, et al., 1999.

Caphuna umbhali webhizinisi. Imibhalo umbhali wayo ongeyena umuntu kepha okungeyenkampani noma yesikhungo kubhekiswa kuyo ngokubeka igama noma isifinyezo senkampani lapho isibongo sombhali sizoya khona:

UN, 2010.
IMicrosoft, 2014.

Caphuna ongaziwa. Endabeni yababhali abangaziwa (okungalingani nababhali abangaziwa), igama Ongaziwa esikhundleni segama lokugcina lomlobi neminye imiyalo esefomethi iyanakekelwa:

Ongaziwa, 1815, k. 10

Uhlu lwezinkomba ze-bibliographic (ibibliografi). Ukuphela komsebenzi wocwaningo kufanele kube nohlu nayo yonke imibhalo yezincwadi ekhonjiwe. Kulolu hlu amagama okugcina abalobi ahlelwe ngokwe-alfabhethi, futhi engeza unyaka wokushicilelwa komsebenzi kubakaki, isihloko esise-italiki kanye nalo lonke ulwazi lokuhlela:

Isibongo, Igama lomlobi (unyaka wokushicilelwa). Ukufaneleka. Idolobha, Izwe lokushicilelwa: Okokuhlela.

Bheka izingcaphuno zencwadi. Ucezu lwencwadi olungabuzwanga lonke, kusetshenziswa isakhiwo esilandelayo:

Isibongo, Igama lombhali walesi siqephu (unyaka wokushicilelwa). "Isihloko sesiqeshana". Ngegama, Ukuhlanganiswa noma isihloko sencwadi (pp. uhla lwamakhasi ahlaliswe isiqeshana esihlukaniswe ikhonco). Idolobha, Izwe lokushicilelwa: Okokuhlela.

Bheka izindatshana zikamagazini. Ukufaka i-athikili yephephabhuku ku-bibliography, imininingwane yokuhlela ephathelene nenombolo nevolumu yezikhathi ezithile kufanele ifakwe:

Isibongo, Igama lombhali wendatshana (Usuku lokushicilelwa). "Isihloko sendatshana". Igama lomagazini. IVolumu (Inombolo), amakhasi. ibanga lekhasi le-athikili.

Bheka izindatshana ku-inthanethi. Izindatshana ze-Intanethi ezicashunwe embhalweni kufanele zibe ne-URL, ukuze ikwazi ukubuya futhi kuthintwe:

Isibongo, Igama lombhali uma likhona (Usuku lokushicilelwa). "Isihloko sendatshana". Igama lomagazini online. Ibuyiswe kusuka ku-http: // www. Ikheli le-URL le-athikili.

Bheka izindatshana zabezindaba. Ukucaphuna ama-athikili asephephabhukwini, kunikezwa imininingwane ephelele ngendawo ye-athikili, kufaka phakathi umbhali (uma kukhona):

Nombhali: Isibongo, Igama lomlobi (Usuku lokushicilelwa). "Isihloko sendatshana". Igama lephephandaba, ibanga lekhasi.
Akekho umbhali: "Isihloko sendatshana" (Usuku lokushicilelwa). Igama lephephandaba, ibanga lekhasi.

Bheka amakhasi ewebhu. Ukufaka ikhasi le-Intanethi elingewona umagazini noma iphephandaba eliku-inthanethi, kusetshenziswa ifomethi elandelayo:

Isibongo, Igama lomlobi (Usuku lokushicilelwa). Isihloko sekhasi lewebhu. Indawo okushicilelwa kuyo: Abashicileli. Ibuyiswe kusuka: http: // www. URL yekhasi

Bheka i-movie. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yamafilimu, ifomethi ithatha umqondisi njengombhali womsebenzi futhi inikeze imininingwane yenkampani yokukhiqiza:

Isibongo, Igama lombhali (Unyaka wokubukeka). Isihloko sefilimu. Indlu yokukhiqiza.