Izinsimbi nama-Nonmetals

-Delile

• Umehluko phakathi kwezinsimbi nezingezona izinsimbi
• Izibonelo zezinsimbi
• Izibonelo ezingezona izinsimbi

Yonke into eyaziwayo yakhiwa ama-athomu, kusuka ku-112 izakhi zamakhemikhali ezakha i ithebula lesikhathi. Lezi zinto zihlukaniswa, ngokuya ngemvelo nezakhiwo zazo, ku- izinsimbi nokungezona izinsimbi.

Izakhi ezingama-25 kuphela kwezingu-112 ziyinsimbi, imvamisa zivela amaminerali nangezakhiwo zikagesi kanye nokusebenzisana okufundwe kahle yi-chemistry engaphili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye izakhi, okungezona ezensimbi, ziyadingeka empilweni futhi zakha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo ezaziwayo.

Umehluko phakathi kwezinsimbi nezingezona izinsimbi

Izinsimbi nokungezona izinsimbi zihlukaniswa ngezinto zazo eziyisisekelo nezinhlobo zazo zokuphendula okungenzeka.

• I- izinsimbi ngaphandle kwe-mercury, okuqinile ekamelweni lokushisa. Ziyacwebezela, ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi ductile futhi oluthambile, futhi zilungile abaqhubi bakagesi nokushisa. Ngokuthintana ne-oxygen noma ama-acids, enza i-oxidize futhi yonakalise (ukulahleka kwama-electron) ngoba izingqimba zawo zangaphandle zinezimo eziphansi zama-electron (ama-3 noma ngaphansi).
• I- azikho izinsimbi, esikhundleni salokho, ajwayelekile abaqhubi abampofu bakagesi nokushisa, yokubukeka okuhlukahlukene kakhulu futhi amaphuzu ancibilika ngokuvamile angaphansi kwezinsimbi. Eziningi zikhona kuphela kwifomula ye-biatomic (yamangqamuzana), zingathamba njengesibabule noma ziqine njengedayimane, futhi zingatholakala kunoma yiziphi izifunda ezintathu zendaba: gaseous, uketshezi futhi okuqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubukeka kwazo akuvamisile ukukhombisa ukukhanya futhi zingaba nemibala ehlukene.

Ekugcineni, izinto zensimbi zivame ukuhlanganiswa ubudlelwano be-electromagnetic (i-ion ekhokhisiwe), kuyilapho izinto ezingezona ezensimbi zakha izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zamangqamuzana ngamabhondi ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene (i-hydrogen, i-peptide, njll.). Ngakho-ke i- i-organic chemistry noma impilo ingeyokugcina, yize izidumbu eziphilayo zakhiwa izinhlanganisela zazo zombili izinhlobo zezinto.

Izibonelo zezinsimbi

1. Insimbi (Fe). Futhi kubizwa insimbiIngenye yezinsimbi eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni, okuyiyona nto eyakha inhliziyo yeplanethi, lapho isesimweni soketshezi khona. Impahla yayo egqame kakhulu, ngaphandle kobulukhuni bayo nokuqina, amandla ayo amakhulu e-ferromagnetic. Ngokuyihlanganisa nekhabhoni kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale insimbi.
2. I-Magnesium (Mg). Isici sesithathu somhlaba esiningi kakhulu, kokubili kuqweqwe lwawo futhi sancibilika olwandle, asikaze sivele emvelweni ku isimo esimsulwa, kodwa njengama-ion kosawoti. Ibalulekile empilweni, esetshenziselwa ama-alloys futhi evutha kalula.
3. Igolide (Au). Insimbi eyigugu, ethambile ephuzi engabhekani neningi amakhemikhali ngaphandle kwe-cyanide, i-mercury, i-chlorine ne-bleach. Kuwo wonke umlando ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile emasikweni ezomnotho womuntu, njengophawu lomcebo nokwesekwa kwezimali.
4. Isiliva (Ag). Enye insimbi eyigugu imhlophe, ikhanya, i-ductile futhi iyathamba, itholakala emvelweni njengengxenye yamaminerali ahlukahlukene noma njengeziqu ezimsulwa zento, ngoba ijwayelekile kakhulu kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Ingumqhubi ohamba phambili wokushisa nogesi owaziwayo.
5. I-Aluminium (Al). Insimbi elula kakhulu, engeyona i-ferromagnetic, eyesithathu ngobuningi kakhulu kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhwebeni kwezimboni nensimbi nensimbi, ngoba ngama-alloys kungenzeka ukuthi kutholwe izinhlobo eziningi zokumelana okukhulu kepha kugcina ukuguquguquka kwazo. Inokuphansi ukuminyana nokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokugqwala.
6. I-Nickel (Ni). Insimbi emhlophe kakhulu ductile futhi ibumbeka kalula, umqhubi omuhle kagesi nokushisa, kanye nokuba yi-ferromagnetic. Ingenye yezinsimbi eziminyene, kanye ne-iridium, i-osmium, ne-iron. Ibalulekile empilweni, njengoba iyingxenye yabaningi ama-enzyme futhi amaprotheni.
7. Izinki (Zn). Kuyinsimbi yenguquko efana ne-cadmium ne-magnesium, evame ukusetshenziselwa izinqubo ze-galvanizing, okungukuthi, ukumboza okuvikelayo kwezinye izinsimbi. Imelana kakhulu nokuguquguquka okubandayo kwepulasitiki, yingakho kusetshenzwa ngaphezu kuka-100 ° C.
8. Hola (Pb). Ukuphela kwento ekwaziyo ukumisa ukusebenza kwe-radioactory ngumholi. Kuyisici esikhetheke kakhulu, unikezwe ukuguquguquka okuhlukile kwamangqamuzana, ukuthamba kokuncibilika nokumelana okulinganayo nama-acid aqinile njenge-sulfuric noma i-hydrochloric.
9. Ithini (Sn). Insimbi esindayo futhi elula namachibi, esetshenziswa kuma-alloys amaningi ukunikeza ukumelana nokugqwala. Lapho igobile, ikhiqiza umsindo ohluke kakhulu obizwe ngokuthi "ukukhala kothayela."
10. I-Sodium (Na). I-Sodium iyinsimbi ye-alkali ethambile, esiliva etholakala kasawoti wasolwandle naku-halite wamaminerali. Iyasebenza kakhulu, i-oxidizable, futhi inempendulo enobudlova lapho ixubeke namanzi. Kungenye yezingxenye ezibalulekile zezinto eziphilayo ezaziwayo.

Izibonelo ezingezona izinsimbi

1. I-Hydrogen (H). Isici esivame kakhulu futhi esichichimayo endaweni yonke, yigesi etholakala womabili emkhathini (njenge-molecule ye-diatomic H₂) njengengxenye yeningi le- izinhlanganisela eziphilayo, futhi ivutha ngokuhlangana enhliziyweni yezinkanyezi. Futhi kuyinto elula kunazo zonke, engenaphunga, engenambala futhi engancibiliki emanzini.
2. Oxygen (O). Ibalulekile empilweni futhi isetshenziswa yizilwane ezinqubweni zazo zokuthola amandla (ukuphefumula), le gesi (O₂) ifomu elisebenza kahle kakhulu oxides cishe nazo zonke izinto zetafula lezikhathi ezithile ngaphandle kwamagesi ahloniphekile. Kwakha cishe ingxenye yesisindo soqweqwe lomhlaba futhi kubalulekile ekuveleni kwamanzi (H₂NOMA).
3. Ikhabhoni (C). Isici esiphakathi kwawo wonke amakhemikhali aphilayo, ajwayelekile kubo bonke abantu abaphilayo abaziwayo nengxenye yamakhemikhali angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-16 ayidingayo. Kutholakala emvelweni ngezinhlobo ezintathu ezihlukene: i-carbon, i-graphite, nedayimane, anenani elifanayo lama-athomu, kodwa ahlelwe ngezindlela ezahlukene. Kanye neoksijini kwakha isikhutha (CO₂) kubalulekile ku-photosynthesis.
4. Isibabule (Ama). Into ethambile, egcwele futhi enephunga lesici, kuvamile ekusebenzeni cishe kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, futhi kugcwele izimo zezintaba-mlilo. Iphuzi futhi ayincibiliki emanzini, ibalulekile empilweni yezinto eziphilayo futhi ilusizo olukhulu ezinkambisweni zezimboni.
5. I-Phosphorus (P). Yize ungakaze ube sendaweni yomdabu emvelweni, kuyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yezakhi eziningi zemvelo kanye ne izidalwa eziphilayonjenge-DNA ne-RNA, noma i-ATP. Iyasebenza kakhulu futhi lapho ixhumana ne-oxygen ikhipha ukukhanya.
6. I-nitrogen (N). Ngokuvamile igesi ye-diatomic (N₂) eyenza u-78% womoya osemkhathini futhi otholakala ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo ezifana ne-ammonia (NH₃), yize igesi eliphansi lokuphinda lisebenze uma liqhathaniswa ne-hydrogen noma i-oxygen.
7. Helium (Yena). Isici sesibili esivame kakhulu endaweni yonke, ikakhulukazi njengomkhiqizo we-stellar fusion ye-hydrogen, lapho kuvela khona izinto ezisindayo. Imayelana ne- Igesi elihle, okusho ukuthi, cishe ukucubungula kabusha okungu-zero, okungenambala, okungenaphunga nokukhanya kakhulu, okuvame ukusetshenziswa njenge ukuvikela noma njengefriji, ngendlela yalo engamanzi.
8. Ikhlorini (Cl). I-chlorine esesimweni sayo esimsulwa igesi ephuzi ngokweqile enobuthi (Cl) enephunga elibi. Kodwa-ke, inenqwaba yemvelo futhi iyingxenye yezinto eziningi eziphilayo nezingaphili, eziningi zazo ezibalulekile empilweni. Kanye ne-hydrogen, yakha i-hydrochloric acid (HCl), enye yamandla amakhulu kakhulu akhona.
9. Iodine (I). Ingxenye yeqembu lama-halogen, ayisebenzi kakhulu futhi ine-electronegative, yize isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha, kwezobuciko bezithombe nanjengombala. Yize ingeyona eyensimbi, inezici zensimbi ezixakile futhi iyasebenza kwi-mercury nesibabule.
10. I-Selenium (Se). Ayinamanzi emanzini nasotshwala, kepha encibilikayo ku-ether ne-carbon disulfide, le nto inezici ze-photoelectric (iguqula ukukhanya kube ugesi) futhi iyingxenye edingekayo yokwenziwa kwengilazi. Futhi kunomsoco wazo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila, obalulekile kuma-amino acid amaningi futhi okukhona ekudleni okuningi.