Izibonelo zamaHydrocarbon - Encyclopedia

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Izibonelo zama-hydrocarbon

I-ama-hydrocarbon ziyizinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezakhiwe kuphela ngohlaka lwama-athomu e-hydrogen ne-carbon, futhi ayisisekelo sawo wonke ama-athomu i-organic chemistry. Ukwakheka kwezinhlaka ze-athomu kungashiyana noma kuhlanganiswe ngamagatsha, kuvulwe noma kuvalwe, futhi uku-oda kwazo nobuningi bezinto kuzoya ngokuthi ngabe yinto eyodwa yini noma enye into.

I- ama-hydrocarbon Ziyizinto ezivuthayo ezinomthamo obanzi wenguquko yezimboni, yingakho zakha isisekelo sokukhishwa kwezimayini zomhlaba, okuvumela ukwenziwa kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, amandla wekhalori nogesi, nokukhanyisa, phakathi kokunye ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka. Futhi zingumthombo omkhulu wobuthi, njengoba zivame ukukhipha umhosha onobungozi empilweni.

Ama-hydrocarbon ahlukaniswa ngokwezindlela ezimbili ezingenzeka:

Ngokwesakhiwo sayo, sine:

I-Acyclic noma ukuvula amaketanga. Nayo ihlukaniswe yaba ulayini noma igatsha.
Ukujikeleza noma amaketanga avaliwe. Nayo ihlukaniswe yaba yi-monocyclic ne-polycyclic.

Ngokuya ngohlobo lwebhondi phakathi kwama-athomu alo, sine:

Ubuciko. Banendandatho enamakha, okungukuthi, enesakhiwo sokujikeleza ngokusho komthetho kaHückel. Zitholakala kwi-Benzene.
I-Aliphatic. Azinayo indandatho enamakha (ayitholakalanga ku-benzene) futhi yona ihlukaniswe yaba: egcwele (izibopho ze-athomu eyodwa) kanye ne-unsaturated (okungenani isibopho esisodwa esiphindwe kabili).

Izibonelo zama-hydrocarbon

IMethane (CH₄). Igesi elinephunga elinyanyekayo, elivutha kakhulu, elikhona emkhathini wamaplanethi amakhulu anegesi futhi njengomkhiqizo kokwethu wokubola izinto eziphilayo noma umkhiqizo wemisebenzi yezimayini.
U-Ethane (C.₂H₆). Igesi evuthayo kakhulu yaleyo eyakha igesi yemvelo futhi ekwazi ukukhiqiza isithwathwa lapho ihlangana nezicubu zomzimba.
IButane (C₄H₁₀). Igesi engenambala futhi ezinzile, esetshenziswa kakhulu njengophethiloli onamandla (uketshezi) kumongo wasekhaya.
IPropane (C₃H₈). Futhi gaseous, engenambala futhi engenaphunga, anikezwe ukuqhuma okuphezulu nezakhiwo ze-narcotic uma esezingeni eliphezulu.
I-Pentane (C5H12). Yize ungomunye wama-hydrocarbon amane okuqala alkanes, ipentane lisesimweni soketshezi ngokujwayelekile. Isetshenziswa njenge-solvent kanye nendawo yokusebenzisa amandla, inikezwe ukuphepha kwayo okuphezulu nezindleko eziphansi.
I-Benzene (C₆H₆). A ketshezi engenambala nephunga elimnandi, elinokusha kakhulu futhi elinomdlavuza omkhulu, liphakathi kwemikhiqizo yezimboni ekhiqizwa kakhulu kunazo zonke namuhla. Isetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwama-rubbers, ama-detergent, ama-pesticides, imithi, ama-plastiki, izinhlaka kanye nokucwengwa kukaphethiloli.
IHexane (C₆H₁₄). Elinye lama-alkanes ambalwa anobuthi, lisetshenziswa njenge-solvent kuphela kupende nakwezinye izinto zokunamathisela, nasekutholakaleni uwoyela wepomace. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo, noma kunjalo, kuvinjelwe, ngoba kuyisidakamizwa se-neurotoxic.
IHeptane (C₇H₁₆). Uketshezi ngaphansi kwengcindezi futhi izinga lokushisa ezemvelo, iyasha kakhulu futhi iyaqhuma. Isetshenziswa embonini kaphethiloli njengephuzu elingu-octane, nanjengesisekelo sokusebenza emithini yokwelapha.
I-Octane (C.₈H₁₈). Kuyindawo eyi-100 esikalini sikaphethiloli i-octane, maqondana ne-heptane, futhi inohlu olude lwama-isom osetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini.
I-1-Hexene (C₆H₁₂). Ihlukaniswe embonini njengophalafini ophakeme ne-alpha-olefin, iwuketshezi olungenambala olubalulekile ekutholeni i-polyethylene nama-aldehydes athile.
I-Ethylene (C₂H₄). Isakhi esisebenza kakhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ngasikhathi sinye a i-hormone yemvelo izitshalo kanye nenhlanganisela yezimboni edingekayo ekwakhiweni kwepulasitiki. Imvamisa itholakala ekuphelisweni kwamanzi emzimbeni kwe-ethane.
I-Acetylene (C₂H₂). Igesi engenambala, elula kunomoya futhi evutha kalula, ikhiqiza ilangabi elikwazi ukufinyelela ku-3000 ° C, elinye lamazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu umuntu angakwazi ukuliphatha. Isetshenziswa njengomthombo wokukhanyisa nokushisa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene nasekusebenziseni.
I-Trichlorethylene (C₂I-HCl₃). Uketshezi olungenambala, olungavutheki, olunephunga elimnandi nokunambitheka, lunomdlavuza kakhulu futhi lunobuthi, olukwazi ukuphazamisa imijikelezo yenhliziyo, yokuphefumula neyesibindi. Kuyisixazululo esinamandla sezimboni esingekho emvelweni.
I-Trinitrotoluene (C₇H₅N₃NOMA₆). Eyaziwa njenge-TNT, iyinhlangano ephuzi ephuzi, i-crystalline, i-compound eqhuma kakhulu. Ayisebenzi ngezinsimbi noma imunce amanzi, ngakho-ke inempilo ende futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi njengengxenye yamabhomu ezempi nezimboni neziqhumane.
IPhenol (C.₆H₆NOMA). Obeye aziwe njengo i-asidi i-carbolic noma i-phenyl noma i-phenylhydroxide, iqinile ngendlela yayo emsulwa, i-crystalline futhi imhlophe noma ingenambala. Isetshenziselwa ukuthola izinhlaka, inayiloni futhi njengesibulala-magciwane noma ingxenye yamalungiselelo ahlukahlukene ezokwelapha.
Itha. Inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yamakhemikhali angokwemvelo ifomula yawo iyehluka ngokuya ngohlobo lokukhiqizwa kwawo kanye nezinga lokushisa layo nokunye okuguqukayo, into engamanzi, i-bituminous, viscous futhi imnyama, enephunga elinamandla nezicelo eziningi, kusuka ekwelashweni kwe-psoriasis kuya ekuvulekeni komgwaqo.
Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-petroleum ether, iyi- ingxube i-hydrocarbon egcwele, evuthayo futhi evuthayo, etholakala ku-petroleum, esetshenziswa njenge-solvent kanye nophethiloli. Akufanele ididaniswe ne-benzene, i-ether, noma uphethiloli.
Ipharafini. Uphethiloli ovamile, awuhlanzekile kakhulu futhi utholwe ngu i-petroleum distillation yemvelo. Iqukethe inhlanganisela yama-hydrocarbon kuketshezi olusobala futhi oluphuzi, olungancibiliki emanzini, asetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa nezinhloso zokuhlanza indawo, kanye ne-pesticide kanye ne-lubricant yezimoto.
Uphethiloli. Kutholakale ku-petroleum nge-distillation eqondile noma eyisiqeshana, le ngxube yamakhulu ama-hydrocarbon isetshenziswa ezinjinini zangaphakathi zomlilo njengophethiloli ohlanzekile, osebenza kahle futhi othandwayo owaziwayo, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuphucwa umthofu ekuqaleni kwawo-2000.
Uphethiloli. I-hydrocarbon ebaluleke kunazo zonke eyaziwa ngezimboni, lapho kungenzeka khona ukuhlanganisa ezinye izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukahlukene zezinto, ikhiqizwa ngaphansi komhlaba kusuka ezintweni eziphilayo eziqoqwe ezingibeni zokwakheka komhlaba futhi ibhekane nengcindezi ephezulu kakhulu. Inemvelaphi yezinsalela zamandulo, uketshezi olumnyama olubukhali noluminyene, olunezinqolobane zomhlaba Akuvuseleleki, kepha yakha okokufaka okuyinhloko kwezimboni zezimoto, zikagesi, zamakhemikhali nezinto zokwakha.