-Delile
UGalileo Galilei (1564-1642) wayengusosayensi wase-Italy wekhulu le-16, owayexhumene kakhulu neScientific Revolution eyatholwa ngabaseNtshonalanga phakathi nalelo khulu leminyaka, ngenxa yamagalelo akhe emkhakheni we-physics, astronomy, engineering kanye nezibalo. Ubuye wakhombisa intshisekelo kwezobuciko (umculo, ukudweba, izincwadi) futhi ubhekwa ngezindlela eziningi i ubaba wesayensi yanamuhla.
Indodana yomndeni wezikhulu eziphansi, wafunda e-University of Pisa, e-Italy, lapho afunda khona ubudokotela, kepha ikakhulukazi izibalo ne-physics, eba ngumlandeli we-Euclides, Pythagoras, Plato no-Archimedes, ngaleyo ndlela asuke ezikhundleni ze-Aristotelian ezazikhona. Kamuva uzosebenza njengoprofesa waseyunivesithi ePisa nasePadua, ekugcineni ngokukhululeka kakhulu, ngoba wayengowaseRiphabhuliki yaseVenice lapho iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki yayingenamandla kangako.
Umsebenzi wakhe wesayensi wawukhazimulisile futhi ubabazekile kokutholakele, kanye neziqinisekiso zethiyori ezakhipha okuningi kwalokho okwakugcinelwe umhlaba ngalesosikhathi. Lokhu kwashukumisela ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki Okungcwele kweSonto LamaKatolika ukuba kunakwe izivumelwano zabo nezincwadi zabo., elahla inkolelo-mbono yeCopernican (i-heliocentric, ephikisana ne-geocentrism) yokuthi uGalilei wayezovikela bobabili "njengobuwula, into engenangqondo kwifilosofi neyokuhlubuka ngokusemthethweni".
Uphoqelelwe ukwethula imiphumela yokuhlola kwakhe njengamacebo okucabanga futhi angabonisi bufakazi obumeseka, wagwetshwa ngo-1616 futhi wagwetshwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1633 ngamacala okuhlubuka. Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka le nqubo, bamphoqa ukuba avume amacala akhe ngokusatshiswa ngokuhlukunyezwa futhi ahoxise imibono yakhe esidlangalaleni, okwenza lokhu ukuthi isigwebo sakhe sokugqunywa ejele siguqulwe sigqunywe ejele lasekhaya.
Ngokwesiko, lapho ephoqeleka ukuthi avume esidlangalaleni ukuthi umhlaba awuhambi (njengoba wawuyisikhungo sendawo yonke ngokusho kwemibono ka-Aristotelian), uGalileo wengeza lokho "I-Eppur si muove” (Noma kunjalo, iyahamba) njengendlela yokugcina imibono yakho yesayensi lapho kucwaningwa amabandla.
Ekugcineni uzofa e-Arcetri eneminyaka engama-77, ezungezwe abafundi bakhe futhi eyimpumputhe ngokuphelele.
Izibonelo zeminikelo kaGalileo Galilei
- Yenza kahle isibonakude. Yize engazange ayisungule kahle, ngoba ngo-1609 uGalileo uqobo wathola izindaba zokuvela komshini owawusivumela ukuba sibone izinto emabangeni amakhulu, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi uGalileo wanikela ngokuqinile ekwakhiweni kweteleskopu njengoba sizazi. Ngo-1610 usosayensi uqobo wavuma ukuthi wakhe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-60, okungezona zonke ezasebenza kahle nokuthi kwesinye isikhathi zamveza ehlazweni phambi kweziphathimandla. Kodwa-ke, okwabo bekungabokuqala ukuthola isithombe esiqondile salokho okubonwayo, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamalensi ahlukanisayo kuhlamvu lweso.
- Thola umthetho we-isochrony we-pendulums. Isimiso esiqondisayo se-pendulum dynamics sibizwa kanjalo, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi uGalileo wazithola njengoba siziqonda namuhla. Wakha umgomo othi ukugcotshwa kwe-pendulum yobude obunikeziwe kuzimele ngebanga eliphakeme elisuka kude nendawo yokulingana. Lo mgomo owe-isochronism, futhi wazama ukuwusebenzisa okokuqala kuzindlela zamawashi.
- Yakha i-thermoscope yokuqala emlandweni. Lakhiwe ngo-1592 nguGalileo, lolu hlobo lwe-thermometer olungacacile lwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa ukukhuphuka nokwehla kwezinga lokushisa, yize lalingavumeli ukuzikala noma ukuphakamisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesilinganiso samaphoyinti. Noma kunjalo, bekungukuthuthuka okukhulu ngaleso sikhathi, kanye nesisekelo sanoma yibuphi ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa izinga lokushisa. Namuhla zigcinwa, kepha njengezinto zokuhlobisa.
- Bhala umthetho wokunyakaza okusheshiswe ngokufanayo. Kuyaziwa namuhla ngaleli gama kuhlobo lokunyakaza okutholwa ngumzimba, ijubane lalo lenyuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile nangamanani ajwayelekile. UGalileo ufike kulokhu okutholakele ngochungechunge lwemibono kanye nezibalo zezibalo futhi, kuthiwa, ukubhekwa kwetshe eliwayo, ijubane lalo lenyuka njalo ngesikhathi.
- Wavikela futhi waqinisekisa imibono yamaCopernican ngemibono yama-Aristotelian. Lokhu kubhekisa ngqo kumbono we-geocentric ohlongozwe ngu-Aristotle eminyakeni engamakhulu amathathu ngaphambi kukaKristu, futhi owemukelwa ngokusemthethweni yiSonto LamaKhatholika, njengoba kwakuhambisana nemithetho yalo yokukholelwa endalweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uGalileo wavikela ithisisi kaNicolás Copernicus, lowo isikhungo sendawo yonke singeke saba ngumhlaba, lapho izinkanyezi zijikeleza khona, kepha ilanga: ithesisi elisemkhathini. Lokhu kuvikela ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo ezahlukahlukene ezinjengokubuka inyanga, amagagasi, ezinye izinto ezenzeka endaweni yonke kanye nokuzalwa kwezinkanyezi ezintsha (nova), kuzokwenza uGalileo ashushiswe yimikhosi yeSonto kanye nabaphikisi bakhe abaningi.
- Fakazela ubukhona bezintaba enyangeni. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa, kanye nokunye okukhombisa intshisekelo yakhe kusayensi yezinkanyezi, kamuva, ngemuva kwalokho, kwenziwa ngemuva kwesibonakude, ithuluzi eliguqule impilo yamaNtaliyane. Ukubukwa kwezintaba zenyanga kuphambene nemiyalo ka-Aristotelian yokuphelela kwesibhakabhaka, ngokusho kwayo inyanga ibushelelezi futhi ingaguquki. Lokhu ngaphandle kokuthi ibingakwazi ukubala kahle ubukhulu bayo, ngenxa yokuthi bekungeke kwenzeke ukwazi ibanga eliphakathi komhlaba nenyanga ngaleso sikhathi.
- Thola iziphuphutheki zeJupiter. Mhlawumbe okutholwe nguGalileo okudume kakhulu, kangangoba izinyanga zikaJupiter zaziwa namuhla ngokuthi "iziphuphutheki zaseGalile": Io, Europa, Callisto, Ganymede. Lokhu okwakubonwayo kwakuyizinguquko, ngoba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zinyanga ezine ezizungeze enye iplanethi kukhombisa ukuthi akuzona zonke izinkanyezi zezulu ezijikeleza iplanethi yoMhlaba, futhi lokhu kufakazele ubuqili bemodeli ye-geocentric eyalwa noGalileo.
- Funda amabala elanga. Lokhu kutholakala kwenze futhi ukuthi kuphikiswe ukucabanga kwamazulu okuphelele, yize ososayensi bangaleso sikhathi bababeka emthunzini wamaplanethi athile aphakathi kwelanga nomhlaba. Ukuboniswa kwalezi zindawo kusivumele ukuthi sicabange ukujikeleza kweLanga, ngakho-ke futhi nalokho koMhlaba. Ukuhlola ukujikeleza komhlaba kwakuwukucekela phansi umbono wokuthi iLanga lalizungeza wona.
- Phenya ubunjalo beMilky Way. UGalileo wenza okunye okuningi okubheka izinkanyezi emthaleni wethu, ngaphakathi kwesibonakude sakhe esincane. Bheka i-novae (izinkanyezi ezintsha), fakazela ukuthi izinkanyezi eziningi ezibonakalayo esibhakabhakeni zingamaqoqo azo ngempela, noma uthole amazwibela amasongo eSaturn okokuqala.
- Thola izigaba zeVenus. Lokhu okunye okutholakele, ngo-1610, kwaqinisa ukholo lukaGalileo ohlelweni lweCopernican, ngoba ubukhulu obubonakalayo beVenus babungalinganiswa futhi buchazwe ngokwendlela edlula ngayo ilanga, okwakungawenzi umqondo ngokwendlela kaPtolemaic evikelwe amaJesuit. zonke izinkanyezi ezazizungeza uMhlaba. Bebhekene nalobu bufakazi obungenakuphikwa, izimbangi zakhe eziningi zacasha emibonweni kaTycho Brahe, lapho iLanga neNyanga zazizungeza khona uMhlaba nawo wonke amaplanethi azungeze iLanga.
