-Delile
I- uhlobo lokulandisa luhlobo lwemibhalo olubuyisela umhlaba oqanjiwe ngokombono womxoxi. Yize izinganekwane zingakhuthazwa ngokoqobo, zisaqanjiwe njengoba ziveza izincazelo nemibono ezohlala ihambisana nezindaba ezithile.
Uhlobo lokulandisa luvame ukubhalwa ngephrozi, yize kunezimo ezithile zezinkondlo ezilandisayo, njenge "Martín Fierro" noma "La Llíada".
Umhlinzeki wohlobo lokulandisa ubizwa ngokuthi umxoxi, ibhizinisi elisho futhi lihlobanise izehlakalo ngombono othile. Lowo mlandisi angasebenzisa umuntu wokuqala (ukudala ukusondelana okukhulu namaqiniso), umuntu wesibili (ukusungula ubudlelwano nomfundi) noma umuntu wesithathu (ukwenza umbono onenjongo futhi ophelele).
Ohlotsheni lokulandisa, umsebenzi owubhekisayo wolimi uhola kakhulu, ngoba uxoxa indaba ngesihloko esithile noma okuqondiswayo (okungaba ngokoqobo noma okuqanjiwe).
Ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu zemibhalo uhlobo oluqukethe izingoma, oluveza imizwa noma izimo zengqondo, nohlobo lomdlalo, olubhalwe ngenkhulumomphendvulwano futhi lwenzelwe ukumelwa.
- Bheka futhi: Umlandi kumuntu wokuqala, wesibili nowesithathu
Izigaba ezilandelanayo yilezi:
- I-Epic. Inomlingiswa wasenganekwaneni njengoba ilandisa ngokuxhashazwa kwezidalwa ezingamaqhawe, onkulunkulu nezinganekwane.
- Cula ngesenzo. Yifomu le-epic elizinikele ekusetshenzisweni kwama-knights eNkathi Ephakathi. Zibizwa ngokuthi "izingoma" ngoba zazidluliselwa ngabashayi bezinsimbi abebefunda lezi zindaba, ngenxa yokungafundi komphakathi wangaleso sikhathi (ngekhulu le-11 nele-12).
- Indaba. Imvamisa ibhalwa ngephrozi futhi ibonakala ngobufushane bayo, inani elincane labalingiswa bayo nobulula bempikiswano yayo.
- Inoveli. Mude kunendaba, ilandisa ngokulandelana kwemicimbi futhi ichaza abalingiswa abaningana esakhiweni esiyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Inoveli ihlale, okungenani ngokwengxenye, inganekwane. Ngisho namanoveli omlando, yize elandisa ngezehlakalo zangempela, aqukethe amaqiniso nezindatshana zezinganekwane.
- Umzekeliso. Noma imfishane kunenganekwane, ibuye ifune ukudlulisa imfundiso ngokusebenzisa isifaniso.
- Inganekwane. Kuyindaba ethandwayo esekwe kumcimbi wangempela, kepha ngokunezelwe okungaphezu kwemvelo okuchaza izindawo ezahlukahlukene zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Zidluliselwa ngomlomo ngokwesiko, yize njengamanje ziphinde zahlanganiswa ngezinguqulo eziphrintiwe.
- Inganekwane. Ixoxa indaba emfishane evame ukufaka izinkanyezi ezinezimpawu zobuntu ezinjengokwazi ukukhuluma, ukucabanga okunengqondo noma ukuthandana. Izinganekwane ziqukethe imfundiso ebizwa nge- "moral" futhi kuhloswe ngayo ukudlulisa isimilo somphakathi.
Izibonelo zohlobo lokulandisa
- Unogwaja noFudu. Isibonelo senganekwane.
Kudala, kwakukhona unogwaja owayeyize kakhulu ngenxa yejubane lakhe. Wayehlala ehlekisa ngokungahambi kahle kofudu. Ufudu wakushaya indiva ukuthukwa kwakhe, waze ngelinye ilanga wamphonsela inselelo emjahweni. Unogwaja wamangala kakhulu, kodwa wamukela.
Izilwane beziqoqelwe ukuzobheka umjaho futhi amaphuzu okuqala nawokuqeda abekiwe. Ngesikhathi umjaho uqala, unogwaja wanikeza ufudu umholi omude, ngenkathi ehlekisa ngalo. Wabe eseqala ukugijima wadlulisa ufudu kalula kakhulu. Maphakathi nalapho wema futhi waphumula. Kepha engaqondile walala.
Khonamanjalo, ufudu lwaqhubeka nokuhamba kancane, kodwa ngaphandle kokuma. Lapho unogwaja evuka, ufudu lwalusezinyathelo ezimbalwa ukusuka entanjeni, futhi yize unogwaja wagijima kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka, wehluleka ukunqoba umjaho.
Unogwaja wafunda izifundo ezibalulekile ngalolo suku. Wafunda ukuthi angahlekisi ngabanye, ngoba akekho umuntu ongathathwa njengophakeme kunabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthole ukuthi into ebaluleke kakhulu ukugcina umzamo oqhubekayo lapho ubeka umgomo.
- Ezinye izibonelo ku: Izinganekwane ezimfishane
- I-odyssey. Isibonelo se-epic evesini.
(Ucezu: Ukuhlangana kwama-Ulysses anezinsimbi)
Khonamanjalo umkhumbi oqinile usendleleni yawo elula
wabhekana nabakwaSiren: umoya ojabulisayo wamqhubela
kepha ngokuzumayo lowo moya waphela, ukuthula okukhulu
wazizwa ezungeza: omunye unkulunkulu wawashelelisa amagagasi.
Lapho-ke amadoda ami asukuma, asonga useyili,
bakujikijela phansi kwesikebhe futhi, behleli esikebheni,
benza mhlophe ulwandle ngamagwebu ngamahalavu acwebile.
Okwamanje ngithathe ithusi elicijile, ngasika isinkwa se-wax
futhi, ngayihlephula yaba yizicucu ezincane, ngangizincinza
ngesandla sami esiqinile: basheshe bathamba, baba
enamandla iminwe yami nomlilo welanga ovela phezulu.
Ngamunye ngamunye amadoda ami nabo ngivale izindlebe zami
futhi, bangibopha imilenze nezandla zami
esinsikeni, iqonde, ngezintambo eziqinile, bese-ke
ukubhaxabula ngezigwedlo babuyela olwandle olugwebu.
Manje ugu lwalungaphezu kokufinyelelwa ukukhala
futhi umkhumbi wasolwandle wandiza, kunalokho babona
abakwaSirene badlula baphakamisa ingoma yabo enomsindo:
"Woza lapha, sinikeze udumo, Ulysses okhazimulayo,
ekuhambeni kwakho vimbela umdlandla wokuzwa ingoma yethu,
ngoba akekho umuntu esikebheni sakhe esimnyama odlula lapha ngaphandle kokunaka
kuleli zwi eligeleza uju olumnandi oluvela ezindebeni zethu.
Noma ngubani olalela ngenjabulo wazi izinto eziyinkulungwane:
imisebenzi siyazi ukuthi lapho ngeTroad nangezinkambu zayo
wonkulunkulu banikeze amandla kumaTrojans nase-Argives
futhi nalokho okwenzeka yonke indawo ezweni elivundile ".
Ngakho-ke bathi, bakhipha izwi elimtoti nasesifubeni sami
Ngangifisa ukubezwa. Ngiswaca izinkophe zami ngiyale
amadoda ami makathukulule ubugqila bami; bagwedla begobile
ngokumelene nesigwedlo nokuma kwamaPerimedes no-Eurylochus, ukuphonsa
izintambo ezintsha zazingiphoqa ngonya ukuba zifake amafindo azo.
Lapho sigcine sibashiyile emuva futhi bekungasazwakali
noma yiliphi izwi noma iculo lamaSirens, abangane bami abathembekile
basuse i-wax ebenginayo ezindlebeni zabo
ebekiwe lapho ngiza futhi yangikhulula ezibophweni zami.
- Ingoma kaRoldán. Isibonelo setayitela lokucula.
(Ucezu)
U-Oliveros ukhuphuke intaba. Bheka ngakwesokunene sakho, bese ubona inqwaba yabangakholwayo idlula esigodini esinotshani. Ngokushesha ubiza uRoldán, umlingani wakhe, bese ethi:
-Ngizwa amahemuhemu akhule kangaka evela ohlangothini lweSpain, ngibona ukuphakama okuningi kukhanya futhi izigqoko eziningi kangaka ziyakhazimula! Laba basingathi bazobeka amaFrance ethu enkingeni enkulu. UGanelon wayeyazi kahle, imbuka ephansi eyasikhetha phambi kwenkosi.
"Thula, Oliveros," kuphendula uRoldán; Ungubaba wami wokutholwa futhi angifuni ukuthi usho elinye igama ngaye!
U-Oliveros ukhuphukele endaweni ephakeme. Amehlo akhe aqala wonke umkhathizwe phezu kombuso waseSpain nabakwaSaracens abahlangane esixukwini esikhulu. Izigqoko zokuzivikela okufakwe igolide kuwo amatshe ayigugu, kanye nezihlangu, kanye nensimbi yezindawo eziphakeme kuyakhanya, kanye nama-pikes nama-gonfalon aboshelwe ezihlangu. Akakwazi ngisho nokuhlanganisa amabutho ahlukahlukene ebutho: maningi kangangokuba ulahlekelwa ukubala. Enhliziyweni yakhe, uzizwa ephazamiseke kakhulu. Ngokushesha nje lapho imilenze yakhe ivumela khona, uyehla egqumeni, asondele kumaFrance awatshele konke akwaziyo.
"Ngibabonile abangakholwa," kusho u-Oliveros. Akukaze kube nomuntu owake wabona isixuku esikhulu kangaka emhlabeni. Kunezinkulungwane eziyikhulu eziphambi kwethu ziphethe isihlangu engalweni, zibophe isigqoko sokuzivikela zambozwa ngezembatho ezimhlophe; izihlangu zawo ezicwebezelayo ziyacwebezela, ngensimbi emi. Kuzodingeka ulwe impi engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili. Madoda aseFrance, uNkulunkulu akusize! Melana ngokuqinile, ukuze bangakwazi ukusinqoba!
AbaseFrance bababaza:
-Okubi obalekayo! Kuze kube sekufeni, akekho kithi ozokukhumbula!
- Imbali yeCeibo. Isibonelo se-Legend.
Ngaphambi kokufika kweSpanishi eMelika, owesifazane osemusha ogama lakhe lingu-Anahí wayehlala osebeni loMfula iParaná. Wayengemuhle ngokukhethekile, kodwa ukucula kwakhe kwajabulisa bonke abantu bendawo yakubo.
Ngelinye ilanga kwafika abahlaseli baseSpain, ababhubhisa idolobha futhi bathumba izakhamizi ezisinda kulokhu kuhlaselwa. U-Anahí wayephakathi kwabo. Ngalobo busuku, lapho umgcini wejele elele, u-Anahí wamgwaza ngommese wabaleka. Kodwa-ke, waboshwa ngemuva nje kokuziphindiselela ngokuhlubuka kwakhe, bambopha esihlahleni bamshisa.
Kodwa-ke, esikhundleni sokudliwa, u-Anahí waphenduka isihlahla. Kusukela lapho kube ne-ceibo, isihlahla esinezimbali ezibomvu.
- Ezinye izibonelo ku: Izinganekwane
- Inhliziyo Yokutshelangu-Edgar Allan Poe. Isibonelo sendaba.
Naka manje. Ungithatha njengohlanyayo. Kepha abantu abasile abazi lutho. Esikhundleni salokho ... ukube babengangibona! Ukube ubungabona indlela engishesha ngayo! Ngokunakekelwa okunjani ... nangokubona kusengaphambili ... ngaluphi uhlobo lokukhohlisa engangisebenza ngalo! Angikaze ngibe nomusa kuleli khehla kunangesonto elandulela lelo engalibulala ngalo. Njalo ebusuku cishe ngeleshumi nambili, ngangiphendula isibambo somnyango wakhe ngivule… o, kancane!
Futhi-ke, lapho ukuvuleka kukhulu ngokwanele ukudlula ikhanda, wayephakamisa ilambu lesithulu, avale, avale ngokuphelele, ukuze kungabonakali ukukhanya, nangemuva kwalo adlule ikhanda lakhe. O, ngabe wahleka ukubona ukuthi ikhanda lakhe liphenduke ngobuqili kanjani! Wayihambisa kancane… kancane, kancane kakhulu, ukuze ingaphazamisi ukulala kwendoda endala. Kungithathe ihora lonke ukududula ikhanda lami yonke indawo ngembobo yomnyango, ngaze ngambona elele embhedeni wakhe. Hheyi? Kungenzeka yini ukuthi uhlanya lwaluhlakaniphe njengami?
Bese kuthi lapho ikhanda lakhe ligcwele ngaphakathi egumbini, avule isibani ngokuqapha… o, ngokuqapha okukhulu! Yebo, wayevula ngokucophelela i-lantern (ngoba amahinji ayevulekile), wayeyivula ngokwanele ukuze imisebe eyodwa yokukhanya iwele esweni lenqe. Futhi lokhu ngikwenze ubusuku obude obuyisikhombisa ... njalo ebusuku, ngehora leshumi nambili ... kepha ngangihlala ngithola iso lami livaliwe, yingakho bekungenakwenzeka ukuthi ngenze umsebenzi wami, ngoba bekungelona ikhehla lelo kwangicasula, kepha iso elibi.
Futhi ekuseni, eqala nje usuku, wangena ngesibindi ekamelweni lakhe wakhuluma naye ngokuqinile, ebiza igama lakhe ngezwi elinobungane futhi ebuza ukuthi ulale kanjani ubusuku. Uyabona, bekufanele ngibe yindoda endala ehlakaniphe kakhulu ukusola ukuthi njalo ebusuku, impela ngehora leshumi nambili, bengizoya ngiyombheka lapho elele.
- Umzekeliso woMhlwanyeli. IVangeli ngokusho kukaMathewu Ongcwele.
Ngalolo suku uJesu wasuka ekhaya wayohlala ngasogwini lolwandle. Isixuku sabuthana kuye saze saphoqeleka ukuba sikhuphuke siyohlala esikebheni, ngenkathi sonke isixuku sasisele osebeni. Waqala ukukhuluma kubo okuningi ngemifanekiso, wathi: “Bhekani, umhlwanyeli waphuma wayotshala. Kuthe uma efaka imbewu, enye yawela ngasendleleni izinyoni zeza zayidla. Enye yawela emadwaleni, lapho kwakungekho nhlabathi eningi khona, futhi ngokushesha yahluma ngoba inhlabathi yayingagxilile; kodwa lapho ilanga liphuma, yabuna futhi yabuna ngoba yayingenampande. Enye yawela emeveni; ameva akhula ayiminyanisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yawela emhlabathini omuhle yathela izithelo, ikhulu, enye ngamashumi ayisithupha, enye ngamashumi amathathu.
Wonke umuntu olizwayo izwi lombuso futhi angaqondi, omubi uyeza ahlwithe okuhlwanyelwe enhliziyweni yakhe: lokhu kuhlwanyelwe endleleni. Okuhlwanyelwe emadwaleni yilowo olizwa izwi, alamukele masinyane ngenjabulo; kodwa awunampande uqobo lwalo, kodwa uyajikajika, kuthi lapho kufika usizi noma ukushushiswa ngenxa yezwi, likhubeke masinyane liwe. Okuhlwanyelwa phakathi kwameva yilowo olizwa izwi, kepha izinkathazo zalo mhlaba nokuyenga kwengcebo kuliminyanisa izwi bese lihlala liyinyumba. Ngokuphambene nalokho, okuhlwanyelwe enhlabathini enhle yilowo olizwa izwi futhi aliqonde, futhi uthele izithelo futhi aveze ikhulu, noma amashumi ayisithupha, noma amashumi amathathu.
- Impi nokuthula, nguLeon Tolstoi. Isibonelo senoveli.
(Ucezu)
Inhloso yami kusasa ngeke kube ukugqugquzela nokubulala kepha ukuvimbela amasosha ami ukuba abaleke ukwesaba okuzohlasela mina nabo. Inhloso yami kuzoba ukuthi bamashe ndawonye futhi bathuse amaFulentshi namaFulentshi azokwethusa phambi kwethu. Akukaze kwenzeke futhi ngeke kwenzeke ukuthi imibuso emibili ishayisane yalwa futhi akunakwenzeka. (Babhala ngoSchengraben ukuthi saxabana namaFulentshi ngaleyo ndlela. Ngangikhona. Futhi akulona iqiniso: amaFrance abaleka). Ukube zishayisene ngabe zilwa kuze kube yilapho wonke umuntu ebulewe noma elimele, futhi lokho akwenzeki.
- Qhubeka nge: Izinhlobo Zezincwadi
