-Delile
- Imithetho yokuqanjwa kwamagama ngokwesayensi
- Ngabe inhlobo ihluke kanjani kuma-subspecies?
- Enye indlela yokuqonda incazelo yezinhlobo
- Izibonelo zezinhlobo
- Izinhlobo ezingaphansi zezinhlobo zezilwane
- Izinhlobo ezingaphansi zezitshalo zezinhlobo
- Izinhlobo ezingaphansi zezinhlobo ze-protista
- Izinhlobo ezingaphansi zezinhlobo zesikhunta no-lichen
Kuyaqondakala izinhlobo eqenjini noma iqoqo lezidalwa eziphilayo (umbuso wezilwane noma wezitshalo) owabelana ngamasiko, imikhuba kanye nezici zomzimba ezifanayo futhi ezihlukile kwabanye. Uhlobo oluthile futhi lunamandla okukhwelana noma lokuhlangana futhi lukhiqize inzalo evundile.
Izinhlobo zabelana ngeqembu elifanayo le-DNA, elenza izinto eziphilayo zohlobo olufanayo zazane ngokufana.
Imithetho yokuqanjwa kwamagama ngokwesayensi
Imithetho yokuqokwa kwamagama ehambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwesayensi ikhombisa izinhlobo ezi-5 ezihlukene zezinhlobo:
- Izilwane
- Izimila
- Izitshalo ezitshaliwe
- Amagciwane
- Igciwane
Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlobo lwezinhlobo, kungenzeka ukunquma ukuhlukaniswa okuningana noma ama-subspecies. Ama-subspecies aqondwa njengohlobo olutholayo noma olusathuthukayo. Ama-subspecies anezici ezifanayo zokwakheka, zomzimba nezokuziphatha noma zokuziphatha maqondana nezinhlobo zawo, kepha angaba nezinye izici ezihlukile zokuzivumelanisa nemvelo. Isibonelo, impisi yaseMexico iyi-subspecies yempisi empunga.
Ngabe inhlobo ihluke kanjani kuma-subspecies?
Kusuka ocwaningweni lwesayensi kuyabonakala kalula ngoba, yize uhlobo lunegama elilodwa noma amabili, kufakwa igama lesithathu kuma-subspecies. Ukuqhubeka nesibonelo sezinhlobo zempisi empunga, ithola isibizo I-Canis lupus, ngenkathi ama-subspecies empisi yaseMexico eshiwo njenge- Canis Lupus Bayleyi (noma Baileyi).
Enye indlela yokuqonda incazelo yezinhlobo
Yize ingekho incazelo eyamukelwa umhlaba wonke maqondana nomqondo wezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kuzobhekwa le ndlela elandelayo yokuhlukanisa izidalwa eziphilayo, equkethe izinhlobo ezingama-29 ezahlukahlukene, ngaphakathi kwazo lapho kungahlukaniswa khona izinhlobo ezingaphansi ezahlukahlukene nemindeni noma amaqembu amaningi.
Isibonelo: eyengonyama nenja. Zombili zitholakala ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane, kodwa zingezemindeni ehlukene:Panthera leo) kungokomndeni wakwa-felidae, kuyilapho inja (I-Canis lupus familiaris) uvela emndenini we-canidae.
Izibonelo zezinhlobo
| I-Agnatos: 116 | AmaCrustaceans: 47,000 | Ubulembu: 16,236 |
| Ulwelwe oluhlaza: 12,272 | Ama-Spermatophytes: 268,600 | Abanye: 125,117 |
| Ama-Amphibians: 6,515 | Ama-Gymnosperms: 1,021 | Inhlanzi: 31,153 |
| Izilwane: 1,424,153 | Amafeni: 12,000 | Izitshalo ze-Vascular: 281,621 |
| Ama-Arachnids: 102,248 | Isikhunta: 74,000 -120,0004 | Izitshalo: 310,129 |
| Imengamo: 5,007 | Izinambuzane: 1,000,000 | Abavikeli: 55,0005 |
| Izinyoni: 9,990 | Izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla: 1,359,365 | Izilwane ezihuquzelayo: 8,734 |
| Amagciwane: 10,0006 | Ubulembu: 17,000 | Izingubo: 2,760 |
| AmaCephalochordates: 33 | Izilwane ezincelisayo: 5,487 | Amagciwane: 32,002 |
| Izinkinga: 64,788 | AmaMollusk: 85,000 |
Izinhlobo ezingaphansi zezinhlobo zezilwane
| I-Acanthocephala: 1,150 | I-Echinodermata: 7,003 | INemertea: 1,200 |
| I-Annelida: 16,763 | U-Echiura: 176 | I-Onychophora: 165 |
| I-Arachnida: 102,248 | I-Entoprocta: 170 | I-Pauropoda: 715 |
| I-Arthropoda: 1,166,660 | IGastrotricha: 400 | IPentastomide: 100 |
| I-Brachiopoda: 550 | IGnathostomulida: 97 | I-Phoronid: 10 |
| I-Bryozoa: 5,700 | IHemichordata: 108 | IPlacozoa: 1 |
| Cephalochordata: 23 | Insecta: 1,000,000 | Ama-Platyhelminthes: ama-20,000 |
| UChaetognatha: 121 | IKinorhyncha: 130 | IPorifera: 6000 |
| IChilopoda: 3,149 | ILoricifera: 22 | Priapulida: 16 |
| Chordata: 60,979 | IMesozoa: 106 | IPycnogonida: 1,340 |
| ICnidaria: 9,795 | IMollusca: 85,000 | IRotifera: 2,180 |
| ICrustacea: 47,000 | IMonoblastozoa: 1 | USipuncula: 144 |
| ICtenophora: 166 | IMyriapoda: 16,072 | I-Symphyla: 208 |
| ICycliophora: 1 | I-Nematoda: <25,000 | Okumnyama: 1,045 |
| IDiplopoda: 12,000 | INematomorpha: 331 | I-Urochordata: 2,566 |
Izinhlobo ezingaphansi zezitshalo zezinhlobo
| Ama-amborellaceae: 1 | I-Equisetophyta: 15 | I-Marchantiophyta: 9,000 |
| Ama-Angiosperms: 254,247 | I-Eudicotyledoneae 175,000 | Ama-monoctyledons: 70,000 |
| I-Anthocerotophyta 100 | Ama-Gymnosperms: 831 | Ubulembu: 15,000 |
| Ama-Austrobaileyales: 100 | IGinkgophyta: 1 | Nymphaeaceae: 70 |
| IBryophyta: 24,100 | IGnetophyta: 80 | Ama-Ophioglossales: 110 |
| ICeratophyllaceae: 6 | Amafeni: 12,480 | Amanye ama-conifers: 400 |
| I-Chloranthaceae: 70 | ILycophyta: 1,200 | I-Pinaceae: 220 |
| ICycadophyta: 130 | IMagnoliidae: 9,000 | Ama-Psilotals: 15 |
| AmaDicots: 184,247 | IMarattiopsida 240 | IPterophyta: 11,000 |
Izinhlobo ezingaphansi zezinhlobo ze-protista
| I-Acantharia: 160 | UDictyphyceae: 15 | IMixogastria:> 900 |
| I-Actinophryidae: 5 | IDinoflagellata: 2,000 | INucleohelea: 160-180 |
| I-Alveolata: 11,500 | I-Euglenozoa: 1520 | I-Opalinata: 400 |
| I-Amoebozoa:> 3,000 | I-Eumycetozoa: 655 | Opisthokonta |
| I-Apicomplexa: 6,000 | I-Eustigmatophyceae: 15 | Amanye ama-amoebozoa: 35 |
| I-Apusomonadida: 12 | Gubha: 2,318 | IParabasalia: 466 |
| I-Arcellinide: 1,100 | I-Foraminifera:> 10,000 | IPelagophyceae: 12 |
| Archaeplastida | Ubufebe: 146 | I-Peronosporomycetes: 676 |
| I-Bacillariophyta: 10,000-20,000 | IGlaucophyta: 13 | I-Phaeophyceae: 1,500-2,000 |
| IBicosoecida: 72 | IHaplosporidia: 31 | I-Phaeothamniophyceae: 25 |
| ICercozoa: <500 | IHaptophyta: 350 | I-Pinguiophyceae: 5 |
| UChoanomonade: 120 | IHeterokontophyta: 20,000 | IPolycystinea: 700-1,000 |
| IChoanozoa: 167 | UHeterolobosea: 80 | I-Preaxostyla: 96 |
| I-Chromista: 20,420 | Ama-Hyphochytriales: 25 | I-Protostelia: 36 |
| I-Chrysophyceae: Inkulungwane | UJakobida: 10 | URaphidophyceae: 20 |
| ICiliophora: 3,500 | AmaLabyrinthulomycetes: 40 | I-Rhizaria:> 11,900 |
| I-Cryptophyta: 70 | ILobosa: 180 | I-Rhodophyta: 4,000-6,000 |
| IDictyostelia:> 100 | I-Mesomycetozoa: 47 | I-Synurophyceae: 200 |
Izinhlobo ezingaphansi zezinhlobo zesikhunta no-lichen
| I-Ascomycota: ~ 30,000 | I-Basidiomycota: ~ 22,250 | Abanye (microfungi): ~ 30,000 |
