-Delile
- Izinhlobo zokulandwa kombhalo
- Izimpawu ezikhethekile
- Izibonelo zezingcaphuno ezimfushane
- Izibonelo zemibhalo emide
- Ukucaphuna noma ukucaphuna ngokwezwi nezwi?
- Izibonelo zokuchazwa
A ukucaphuna ngokwezwi nezwi kuyindlela yokuqukethwe okubolekayo okusebenzela ukwenza kucace kumfundi ukuthi okushiwoyo kungamazwi omunye umuntu. Lesi senzo sibizwa ngokuthi yi-refer, futhi sivumela umfundi ukuthi azi ukuthi ufunda nini umbhali nokuthi ufunda nini imibhalo leyo mbhali ayiphenyile, futhi simnika nokhiye bemininingwane ukuze aye encwadini yokuqala ukuze aqhubeke nokujula.
Noma yinini lapho sithatha umbono osuvele ushicilelwe futhi sawusebenzisa, noma lapho siphenya ukuveza imibono yethu, kufanele siphendule ukuthi konke kuvela kuphi futhi sehlukanise okungokwethu kokungaphandle. Ngaphandle kwalokho, sizobe sithola u- ukukopela, uhlobo lokungathembeki ngokwengqondo olungadala izinhlawulo nezinkinga. Ukuklolodela uhlobo oluthile lokweba.
Kokubili ukucashunwa ngokwezwi nezwi kanye nohlu lwezincwadi zokugcina lombhalo kulungiselelwe ukulandela amamodeli ezindlela ezijwayelekile. Ezaziwa kakhulu yi-APA (American Psychological Association) kanye MLA (kusuka esiNgisini: Association of Modern Languages).
- Kungakusiza: Ukucashunwa kwe-Bibliographic
Izinhlobo zokulandwa kombhalo
- Izingcaphuno ezimfushane (amagama angaphansi kwama-40). Kumele zifakwe embhalweni, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukugeleza kwawo noma ukwakheka kwawo. Kumele zifakwe kuzimpawu zokucaphuna (ezimaka ukuqala nokuphela kombhalo wokuqala), kuhambisane nesethenjwa esikuyiyo nedatha yolwazi lwezincwadi ezikuyo:
- Unyaka wokushicilelwa kwencwadi. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma kunezincwadi eziningi ezicashunwe ngumbhali ofanayo, njengoba zingahlukaniswa ngonyaka.
- Inombolo yekhasi (yamakhasi) ekhonjiwe. Ngokuvamile kwandulelwe isifinyezo esithi "p." noma "p." Endabeni yamakhasi amaningana, kuzokhonjwa owokuqala nowokugcina, ahlukaniswe ngedeshi emfushane: pp. 12-16. Endabeni yamakhasi ahlukene kodwa angaqhubeki, amakhoma azosetshenziswa: pp. 12, 16.
- Isibongo Sombhali. Kwezinye izimo, uma isibongo sike saqanjwa ngaphambi kwengcaphuno noma kucaca ukuthi ngesikabani, lolu lwazi lungashiywa kubakaki.
- Izingcaphuno ezinde (Amagama angama-40 noma ngaphezulu). Ukucaphuna okude kufanele kubekwe esigabeni esehlukile, kuhlukaniswe komugqa wangakwesokunxele wekhasi ngamathebhu amabili (2) ngaphandle kokungeniswa kanye nephuzu elilodwa elingaphansi ngosayizi wefonti. Kulokhu, amamaki wokucaphuna kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo awadingeki, kepha ngemuva kokuqokwa ireferensi yakho kufanele ifakwe nemininingwane eshiwo ngenhla.
Izimpawu ezikhethekile
Kuzo zombili izimo zokubhalwa kombhalo, ezinye zezimpawu ezilandelayo, izifinyezo noma izinhlamvu zingavela:
- Abakaki []. Ukuvela phakathi kwesilinganiso esifushane noma eside sombhalo kubakaki ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi umbhalo ophakathi kwabo awuyona ingxenye yesilinganiso, kodwa ungowomcwaningi, ophoqeleka ukuba acacise okuthile noma engeze okuthile kukho ukuze akwazi kuqondwe ngokugcwele.
- Ibid. noma ibid. Isichasiso ngesiLatini esisho ukuthi "kuyafana" futhi sisetshenziswa kusethenjwa ukutshela umfundi ukuthi ikhotheshini yombhalo ingeyencwadi efanayo ekhonjwe ngaphambili.
- cit. Le nkulumo yesiLatini isho ukuthi "umsebenzi ocashuniwe" futhi isetshenziswa ezimeni lapho kunomsebenzi owodwa kuphela okhulunyiwe ngumlobi, ngaleyondlela igwema ukuphinda imininingwane yayo (ngoba ihlala ifana njalo), ifaka inombolo yekhasi kuphela.
- Et. ku-. Lesi sifinyezo sesiLatini sisetshenziselwa amacala okusebenza nombhali omkhulu nabahlanganyeli abaningi, abaningi kakhulu ukuthi bangabhalwa ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, kushiwo isibongo sikathishanhloko futhi sihambisana nalesi sifinyezo.
- I-Ellipsis (…). Asetshenziselwa ukukhombisa umfundi ukuthi kunengxenye yombhalo oshiyiwe, kungaba ngaphambi kokuqala kwesilinganiso, ngemuva kwawo, noma maphakathi nawo. Imvamisa zisetshenziswa kubakaki.
Izibonelo zezingcaphuno ezimfushane
- Njengoba sibona ophenyweni lukaFoucault (2001), umqondo wobuhlanya uyingxenye ebalulekile yesizathu, ngoba “ayikho impucuko engenabo ubuhlanya” (ikhasi 45).
- Ngaphezu kwalokho, "ukusetshenziswa kwamasiko eLatin America kufinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu maqondana nokuhamba kwezinkulumo zezepolitiki nezentengiselwano, hhayi, njengaseYurophu, ezivezwe ezifundeni zezizwe" (Jorrinsky, 2015, ikhasi 8).
- Ngalo mqondo, kulula ukuya ku-psychoanalysis: "Imfundiso yokuba umuntu uzibonakalisa njengomphumela wokungeniswa kolimi kumuntu" (iTournier, 2000, ikhasi 13).
- Lokhu yilokho u-Elena Vinelli akuqinisekisayo esanduleleni sakhe somsebenzi u-Elena Vinelli, lapho eqinisekisa ukuthi “Kukwakhiwa kwamasiko ocansini ngokobulili okwehlukanisa ukuzithoba kwabantu besifazane kwabesilisa” (2000, ikhasi 5), okusinikeza ukuqonda ubufazi ukufana okusobala inoveli kaSara Gallardo.
- Akukho okuningi okulindelekile kulolu phenyo, ngaphandle kokuthi "ukuphoxeka okufushane kokuthola iqiniso elingalindelekile" njengoba kushiwo ngu-Evers (2005, ikhasi 12) encwadini yakhe edumile yocwaningo.
Izibonelo zemibhalo emide
- Ngakho-ke, singafunda kunoveli kaGallardo (2000):
… Kepha abesifazane bahlala bedlula ngamaqembu. Ngacasha ngalinda. Kudlule uLa Mauricia nejeke yakhe ngamhudula. Nsuku zonke ngemuva kwalokho wayebaleka angithole, ethuthumela ngokwesaba umyeni wakhe, kwesinye isikhathi kusenesikhathi futhi kwesinye isikhathi sekwephuzile, eya kuleyo ndawo engiyaziyo. Endlini engiyenze ngesandla sami, ukuhlala nonkosikazi wami, emishini ye-gringo yaseNorway uhlala nomyeni wakhe. (ikhasi 57)
- Kulokhu kulula ukuqhathanisa umbono wombhali waseFrance:
Ezinkolweni zomhlaba wonke, ezinjengobuKristu nobuBuddha, ukwesaba nokwaba isicanucanu kuphunyuka empilweni yomlilo evuthayo. Manje, lempilo yokomoya, esekwe ekuqiniseni imigoqo yokuqala, nokho inencazelo yeqembu ... (Bataille, 2001, p. 54)
- Ukubhala kwakha iphuzu lomhlangano nokungavumelani ngemibono emihle kakhulu nezothando mayelana neqiniso lemibhalo, futhi kungasebenzela ukuhlukaniswa okufana nalokho okwenziwe nguSontag (2000):
Nanku umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokufunda nokubhala. Ukufunda kungubizo, ukuhweba lapho, ngokuzijwayeza, umuntu enzelwe ukuba ngongoti ngokwengeziwe. Njengombhali, okuqoqwa umuntu kuqala kokungaqiniseki nokukhathazeka. (ikhasi 7)
- Lo mqondo "wokuba" ungatholakala usakazeke kuwo wonke umsebenzi wesazi sefilosofi. Kodwa-ke, ukucaciswa kwayo kubonakala kuyindaba eyinkimbinkimbi:
Ukuba yinto akukaze kulingise, noma ukwenza njengokuthanda, noma ukuzivumelanisa nemodeli, kungaba ngezobulungiswa noma iqiniso. Akukaze kube negama ozoqala ngalo, noma ukufinyelela noma ukufinyelela. Noma amagama amabili ashintshanisiwe. Umbuzo, iyini impilo yakho? Kuyisiphukuphuku ikakhulukazi, ngoba njengoba umuntu eba, lokho aba yizinguquko kuye (…) Imishini kanambambili isiphelile: imibuzo-impendulo, owesilisa nowesifazane, owesilisa-isilwane, njll. (Deleuze, 1980, ikhasi 6)
- Ngakho-ke, ekubhaleni phakathi kukaFreud no-Albert Einstein, kungenzeka ukuthi ufunde okulandelayo:
… Umncane kakhulu kunami, futhi ngiyathemba ukuthi lapho ufinyelela eminyakeni yami yobudala uzobe usuphakathi "kwabasekeli" bami. Njengoba ngingeke ngibe kulo mhlaba ukukufakazela, ngingalindela kuphela lokho kwaneliseka manje. Uyazi ukuthi ngicabanga ini manje: “Ngokuziqhenya ngilindele ukuhlonishwa okuphezulu kangaka, manje sengiyakujabulela…” [Lesi yisisho esivela kuGoethe's Faust] (1932, ikhasi 5).
Ukucaphuna noma ukucaphuna ngokwezwi nezwi?
Ukuchazwa ngamanye amazwi ukuhumusha kabusha umbhalo wangaphandle, ovezwe ngamazwi ombhali omusha. Kulokhu, umcwaningi ufunda imibono yomunye umbhali bese eyichaza ngamagama akhe, ngaphandle kokuyeka ukunikeza ukuthi lowo mbhali uhambelana naye.
Kwezinye izimo, igama lomlobi lifakwa ngama-parentheses ukucacisa ukuthi imibono akuyona eyabo.
Ikhotheshini yombhalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyimali mboleko evela embhalweni wokuqala, lapho umbhalo okhonjisiwe ungangenelelwa noma ulungiswe nhlobo. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, ukuqanjwa kombhalo wokuqala kuyahlonishwa: ukukopela akukaze kube inketho evumelekile.
Izibonelo zokuchazwa
- Njengoba sekushiwo kwanele ezincwadini eziningi ze-physics ye-quantum, imithetho ephelele yendawo yonke umuntu wesimanje afuna ukuyifunda nokuyiqonda iphenduka iguquguquke futhi ibe nesihlobo (Einstein, 1960) kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili.
- Kodwa-ke, akusikho ukuthi izinhloso ezintsha zikazwelonke zivela ophikweni olugcineke kakhulu lomphakathi, kepha kunalokho ukuthi ludlala indima eyindida eLatin America namuhla lapho kubhekene nabantu abaningi abanamaphiko angakwesobunxele (iVargas Llosa, 2006) eyayivimbezele .esikhathini okuthiwa "yishumi elide".
- Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi, noma kunjalo, kwesinye isikhathi into iyinto hhayi okunye (uFreud, cit.), ngakho-ke kulula ukwazi ukuthi ungakukhipha kanjani ukuhumusha kobuciko ngesikhathi, ngaphambi kokuwela ezinqumweni zomlando womuntu.
- Ukuthambekela kwe-anthropological yaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, njengoba izazi eziningi zesayensi yabantu sezivezile, ziqukethe izinto zokuhamba kwamasiko amancane ezenza ukuthi zikhange izivakashi ezivela esikweni le-hegemonic (Coites et. Al., 1980), kodwa hhayi komakhelwane bendawo.
- Ngaphezu kwalokho, uBataille ucacisile ngakho, washiya isikhundla sakhe ekuthakazelweni okujwayelekile kwamakhosi ase-post-Romantics, umsebenzi ophikisayo njengoku-oda nokucindezela ukuthakaselwa kodlame (iBataille, 2001).
- Bona okuningi: Paraphrase
