-Delile
Ubizwa ngegama ingxubevange kunqubo okwenziwa ngayo izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, imvamisa insimbi, zihlanganisiwe zaba yunithi eyodwa ethola izakhiwo zombili. Ngokuyinhloko ama-alloys ayabhekwa izingxube, ngoba ama-athomu wezinto ezihlanganisiwe awakhiqizi, ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ahlanganisa ama-athomu awo.
Imvamisa, izinto ezisetshenziswa kuma-alloys ziyinsimbi: i-iron, i-aluminium, ithusi, ukuhola, njll isici sensimbi nge-non-metallic: i-carbon, isibabule, i-arsenic, i-phosphorus, njll.
Noma kunjalo, okokusebenza okuvela enhlanganisweni kuhlala kunezici zensimbi (kukhanya, uyashayela ukushisa nogesi, kunokuqina okuncane noma okuncane, okungatholakali kalula, okungaphezulu noma okuncane ductility, njll.), iguqulwe noma yaqiniswa ngokungezwa kwenye into.
Izinhlobo zama-alloys
Imvamisa ihlukaniswa phakathi kwama-alloys ngokususelwa ekuveleni kwento eyodwa ngaphezulu kwezinye (ngokwesibonelo, ama-alloys ethusi), kepha futhi Zihlukaniswa ngokwenani lezinto ezihilelekile enhlanganisweni, okuyilezi:
- Kanambambili. Zenziwe ngezinto ezimbili (i-element element ne-alloying element).
- I-Ternary. Zenziwe ngezinto ezintathu (i-element element nama-alloys amabili).
- I-Quaternary. Zenziwe ngezinto ezine (i-element element nama-alloys amathathu).
- Kuyinkimbinkimbi. Zakhiwe ngezinto ezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu (i-element element nama-alloys amane noma ngaphezulu).
Okunye ukuhlukaniswa okungenzeka ihlukanisa phakathi kwama-alloys asindayo futhi alula, ngokuya ngezici zensimbi yensimbi eyisisekelo. Ngakho-ke, ama-aluminium alloys azoba lula, kepha ama-alloys ensimbi azoba nzima.
Ingxubevange izakhiwo
Izici ezithile ze-alloy ngayinye ancike ezintweni ezihilelekile ekuxubeni, kodwa futhi nasengxenyeni ekhona phakathi kwazo.
Ngakho-ke, ngokungeza okokusebenza okuhlanganisa kakhulu, izici ezithile zento eyisisekelo zizoguqulwa kakhulu, kulimaze abanye. Lesi silinganiso, ngokuya nge-alloy, singahluka phakathi kwamaphesenti amancane (0.2 kuya ku-2%) noma okuphawuleka kakhulu ngaphakathi kwengxube.
Izibonelo zama-alloys
- Insimbi. Le ngxube ibalulekile embonini yezokwakha, ngoba isetshenziselwa ukwenza imishayo noma izisekelo zokuthela ukhonkolo noma ukhonkolo. Yinto emelana nokuthamba kalula, umkhiqizo we-alloy yensimbi nekhabhoni, ikakhulukazi, yize ingaqukatha ne-silicon, isulfure ne-oxygen ngamanani amancane. Ubukhona bekhabhoni benza insimbi imelane kakhulu nokugqwala futhi ibe namandla kakhulu ngasikhathi sinye, ngakho ezimweni ezingavamile idlula iphesenti elincane kakhulu. Ngokusho kokuba khona kwalesi sici sokugcina, kutholakala lonke uhla lwezinsimbi ezisebenzisekayo.
- Ithusi. Le nto isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yeziqukathi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihloselwe ukudla okungaboli, kanye nasemapayipini asekhaya nasempompini. Kutholakale ku-alloy yethusi ne-zinc, i-ductile ngokweqile futhi iyathamba futhi ikhanya kalula lapho ipholishiwe. Ngokuya ngesilinganiso esiphakathi kwezakhi, kungenzeka ukuthola okwehlukile ngezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene: ukumelana kakhulu nokuncane i-oxide, intekenteke kancane noma kancane, njll.
- Ithusi. I-Bronze yadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, njengezinto zokwenza amathuluzi, izikhali nezinto zomkhosi. Izinsimbi eziningi zenziwa ngalolu daba, kanye nezinhlamvu zemali eziningi, izindondo, izithombe zikazwelonke nezinto ezahlukahlukene zasekhaya, kusizakala ngobunyoninco bayo obukhulu nokutholwa komnotho ngethusi nethini.
- Insimbi engagqwali. Lokhu kwahlukahluka kwensimbi ejwayelekile (i-carbon steel) kuyabekezelwa ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala okukhulu, okwenza kube kuhle ekwenzeni izinto zasekhishini, izingxenye zezimoto, namathuluzi ezokwelapha. Ukuthola le nsimbi, i-chromium ne-nickel isetshenziswa ekuxubeni ngensimbi.
- Amalgam. Ekungasetshenzisweni ngokungagwegwesi ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo kwe-mercury okwenza ukuthi ibe nobuthi emzimbeni womuntu, lokhu kugcwaliswa kwensimbi kwakusetshenziswa njengophawu lwamazinyo odokotela bamazinyo. Kuyi-alloy yesiliva, ithini, ithusi ne-mercury entweni eyipasti eqina lapho isoma.
- I-Duralumin. I-Duralumin iyinsimbi elula futhi ephikisayo, ehlanganisa izakhiwo zethusi ne-aluminium, okuwumkhiqizo womkhiqizo wayo. Isetshenziswa embonini yezindiza nezinye ezidinga okokukhanya, okubumbekayo kanye nokumelana nokugqwala.
- Pewter. Umkhiqizo wengxubevange ye-zinc, i-lead, i-tin ne-antimony, kuyinto ekade isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezinto zasekhishini (izinkomishi, amapuleti, amabhodwe, njll.) Ngenxa yokukhanya kwayo okukhulu nokushisa kokushisa. Iyathambeka kakhulu, impahla ngokungangabazeki ethola kusuka kunwebeka oyingqayizivele womthofu.
- Igolide elimhlophe. Amagugu amaningi (amasongo, imigexo, njll.) Nezinto zokuhlobisa zenziwe ngalokho okubizwa ngegolide elimhlophe: insimbi ekhazimulayo, ecwebezelayo futhi eyigugu etholakala ngokuhlanganisa igolide, ithusi, i-nickel ne-zinc. Ilungele ukwenza ubucwebe obulula kunegolide elimsulwa, futhi ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise okuncane kwalokhu amaminerali okuyigugu, ukufeza izinto ezingambi eqolo.
- Magnalium. Enye insimbi ifunwa kakhulu yimboni yezimoto nokuwafaka emathinini, ngoba yize iphansi kakhulu inobulukhuni, ukuqina namandla okuqina. Itholakala ngokuhlanganisa i-aluminium ngokuqukethwe kwe-magnesium (ngokulambisa okungu-10%).
- Insimbi Yezinkuni. Le nsimbi yathola igama layo kudokotela wamazinyo uBarnabás Wood, umqambi wayo, futhi ingxubevange ka-50% bismuth, 25% lead, 12.5% tin, kanye no-12.5% cadmium. Yize inobuthi bayo, inikezwe ukuhola ne-cadmium equkethe, isetshenziswa ekuncibilikeni nasezinsikeni, kukhishwa amagesi okungafanele ukuthi ahogelwe. Namuhla, noma kunjalo, kunezinye izindlela ezinobuthi ezingasetshenziswa.
- Insimbi Yensimu. Le ngxubevange ye-bismuth (32.5%), i-indium (51%) ne-tin (16.5%) iba uketshezi ku-60 ° C, ngakho-ke isetshenziselwa ukubumba izimboni kanye ne-prototyping, noma njengokufaka esikhundleni sensimbi engeyona enobuthi.
- UGalinstano. Enye yezinsimbi lapho kuzanywe khona ukufaka esikhundleni se-alloys i-mercury (enobuthi), yile ngxube ye-gallium, i-indium nethini. Iwuketshezi ekamelweni lokushisa futhi ayibonisi kangako futhi iminyene kune-mercury. It Ubuye izicelo njengoba esiqandisini.
- URose Metal. Obeye aziwe njengo URose Alloy Iyinsimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu ekushiseni nasekuhlanganiseni, umkhiqizo olandelanisa i-bismuth (50%), ukuhola (25%) nethini (25%).
- NaK. Kuyaziwa ngaleli gama kwingxubevange ye-sodium (Na) ne-potassium (K), into ene-oxidizing kakhulu, ekwazi ukukhipha inani elikhulu lamandla wekhalori (exothermic). Amagremu ambalwa anele, ngokuxhumana nomoya-mpilo osemoyeni anele ukuqala umlilo. Noma kunjalo, le alloy inguketshezi ekamelweni lokushisa futhi isetshenziswa njenge okudala, i-desiccant efrijini noma yezimboni.
- Kubalulekile. Ingxubevange ye-cobalt (65%), i-chromium (25%) ne-molybdenum (6%) kanye nezinye izinto ezincane (i-iron, i-nickel), yathuthukiswa okokuqala ngo-1932 futhi iyasebenziseka kakhulu ngenxa yokukhanya kwayo futhi ukumelana ngokweqile nokugqwala nokushisa. Akhiqizwa ngezinto zokuhlinza ezibalulekile, ama-reaction turbines noma amakamelo okushisa umlilo.
