12 Izibonelo Zokubambisana - Encyclopedia

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Izibonelo zokuvumelana
Ingakusiza

I- ukuvumelana kuyindlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo zezinhlobo ezahlukene. Kubonakala ngoba, ngenxa yalobu budlelwano, zombili izinto eziphilayo zibandakanye inzuzo, zandisa amandla azo emvelo (amandla okusinda nokuzala njengohlobo oluthile).

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa ukuvumelana kwezinye izinhlobo zokuxhumana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo:

Parasitism: Uma isidalwa sondla esinye, sisilimaza kodwa singasibulali.
Ubuzwe: Kwenzeka lapho uhlobo olulodwa luzuza ebudlelwaneni, kanti olunye aluzuzi noma alulinyazwa.
Ikhono: Kwenzeka lapho izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zincike emithonjeni efanayo. Isibonelo, uma ngabe izinhlobo ezimbili zabafuni zidla izilwane ezifanayo, kufanele bancintisane ukuthola ukudla. Ubudlelwano bokuncintisana benzeka lapho ukuba khona kohlobo olulodwa kunomthelela omubi kolunye futhi okuphambene nalokho.
Ukudla: Kwenzeka lapho uhlobo olulodwa ludla olunye.
Ukubambisana: Zombili lezi zinhlobo ziyazuza kepha futhi zingaphila ngokuhlukile.

Ngokungafani nezinye izindlela zokusebenzisana, ukuvumelana ngokubambisana kuyinto ebalulekile ekusindeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwazo zombili izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezihilelekile.

Abanye ababhali basebenzisa i-symbiosis njengegama elifanayo lokuvumelana ngenkathi abanye bebheka ukuvumelana njenge-symbiosis kuphela ezimweni lapho ubuhlobo bubaluleke khona ukuze usinde.

Izinhlobo zokuvumelana kungaba:

Isisetshenziswa - Isisetshenziswa: Izinhlobo ezimbili ezithintekayo ebudlelwaneni zithola uhlobo olufanayo lomthombo. Isibonelo, bobabili bathola ukudla ababengenakukuthola ngokwabo.
Insiza - Insiza: Olunye uhlobo lusizakala kumthombo futhi lunikeza insizakalo.
Inkonzo - InsizaZombili lezi zinhlobo ziyazuza ngosizo olunikezwa esinye.

Ingakusebenzela:

Izibonelo ze-Symbiosis
Izibonelo Zamaketanga Okudla
Izibonelo Zokuguquka Kwezinguquko

Izibonelo zokuvumelana

IMycorrhiza nezitshalo

Bangubudlelwano be-symbiotic phakathi kwesikhunta nezimpande zezitshalo zomhlaba. Isikhunta sithola ama-carbohydrate namavithamini esingeke sikwazi ukuzihlanganisa sisodwa.

Lesi sitshalo sithola izakhi zamaminerali namanzi. I-Mycorrhiza ibaluleke kakhulu ekusindeni kwezitshalo kangangoba ilinganiselwa ukuthi iphakathi kuka-90 no-95% wezinhlobo zomhlaba. Lobu ubudlelwano bezinsizakusebenza, ngoba zombili izitshalo nezikhunta zithola izakhamzimba.

Impova

Ubudlelwano obuthile phakathi kwesilwane nesitshalo se-angiosperm. Izitshalo ze-Angiosperm yilezo ezinezimbali ezine-stamens (izitho zokuzala zabesilisa) kanye ne-carpels (izitho zokuzala zabesifazane). Izimbali ezine-stamens yilezo ezinempova, okumele zifinyelele kukhaphethi wezinye izimbali ukufeza ukukhiqizwa kwesitshalo.

Izilwane ezithile zisebenza njengezimpova, okusho ukuthi, njengabantu abathutha impova besuka kwenye imbali baye kwenye. Ama-pollinator angaba yizinyosi, iminyovu, izintuthwane, izimpukane, izimvemvane, amabhungane nezinyoni. Ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zingaba impova, njengamalulwane, ezinye izinambuzane, amagundane nezinkawu. Lobu budlelwane bensizakusebenza, ngoba izilwane zinikela ngensizakalo yokuvundisa impova ngenkathi izitshalo zinikela ngomthombo we-nectar noma impova.

Ama-Ruminants kanye nama-Microorganisms

Emathunjini ka okukhanyisayo (izilwane ezigaya izigaba ezimbili) kunemiphakathi ye- ama-microorganisms ezibavumela ukuba bagaye i-cellulose ekudleni kwabo. Amagciwane amancane nawo ayazuza ekudleni okutholakele.

I-Anemone ne-clown fish

I-anemone yasolwandle ifana nezimbali, ijikeleze ngokulingana. Ikhiqiza into enobuthi ebizwa nge-actinoporins, enomphumela wokukhubazeka. I-Clownfish (amphiprioninae) inemivimbo ebomvu, ebomvana, emnyama, ephuzi, ewolintshi noma emhlophe.

Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-clownfish zihlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-anemones. Lezi zinhlanzi azivikeleki kuma-actinoporin, azivumela ukuthi zihambe phakathi kwezintambo ze-anemone, lapho zithola indawo yokukhosela, ukudla, nokuvikelwa ezinhlanzi ezinkulu. I-anemone iyazuza ngoba inhlanzi iqeda ama-parasites nezinye izinto eziyilimazayo. Lobu ubuhlobo bensizakalo.

I-Acacia nentuthwane

I-acacia cornígera noma uphondo lwenkunzi yi-shrub engafinyelela kumamitha ayi-10 ukuphakama. Igama lalo kungenxa yokuthi linezinhlaka ezinkulu ezinemigodi ezibukeka njengezimpondo zezinkunzi. Izintuthwane zihlala ezingodweni, zidla ushukela okhiqizwa yilesi sitshalo.

Lesi sitshalo sizuza ekuvikelweni kwezintuthwane ezilwaneni ezidla utshani ezingadla amahlumela aso, kunciphise ukukhula kwaso nokusinda kwaso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintuthwane zidla ezinye izitshalo ezizungeze i-acacia, zisuse ubudlelwane obukhona bokuncintisana ngezinsizakusebenza ezifana namanzi, ilanga izakhamzimba.

Izintuthwane nezintwala

Ama-aphid (aphididae) izinambuzane ezingahlobene noma ezihlobene namazeze. Ama-aphid yizinambuzane zezitshalo ze-angiosperm. Kuzo benza izimbobo ezincane emaqabungeni, lapho bemunca khona ubisi.

Izintuthwane zihambela ama-aphid ziwahlikihle ngezimpondo zawo. U-aphid ube esekhipha izinyosi, into ephakela izintuthwane njengokudla. Ama-aphid ayazuza ngokuba khona kwezintuthwane, eziwavikela kwezinye izinhlobo zezinto.

Izinhlanzi nama-prawn

Izinhlanzi zibulala izimuncagazi ezitholakala esikhunjeni sezinhlanzi ezithile. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zithola izinzuzo ezifanayo nasebudlelwaneni obuphakathi kwezimvubu nezinyoni nezinyathi nezindwandwe.

Ubulembu nobulembu

Ziyisikhunta esinoqweqwe oluncane lwamaseli algae ebusweni bawo. Ama-25% ezinhlobo zezikhunta zisebenzisa le nhlangano. Inzuzo etholwa yisikhunta yikhabhoni elungiswe yi-algae ngenxa ye-photosynthesis abayenzayo. I-algae iyazuza ngoba iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezindawo zokuhlala ngokweqile.

Iselesele nesicabucabu

I-tarantula iyinhlobo enkulu yesicabucabu. Ivumela isele lomlomo omncane ukuba lihlale emgodini walo ngokulivikela ezifweni kanye nokunakekela amaqanda alo. Inzuzo yezinyosi ekuvikelweni kwe-tarantula.

Izindwandwe nezinyathi

Izinkomo Egret (Bubulcus ibis) yinyoni ye-pelecaniform. E-Afrika, lezi zinyoni zilandela amadube, izinhlwathi, izinkonkoni nenyathi kaffir. Uhlobo olwaziwa kakhulu ngokuvumelana yilo olusungulwe ngezinyathi, ezisusa kuye izimuncagazi, ezidla kuzo. Lobu ubuhlobo bensiza - insiza.

Inhlanzi kanye ne-prawn engaboni

I-goby kaLuther yinhlanzi enamehlo amahle kakhulu engenazo izingalo. I-prawn engaboni ibamba umhume noma umhubhe ebusweni bolwandle obuvumela bobabili ukuthi bazivikele. Imhlwenga iyazuza ngoba ihamba nenhlanzi lapho iphuma iyofuna ukudla, nezimpondo zayo zisemzimbeni wenhlanzi, oyikhombisa indlela bese eyixwayisa ezidla ezinye.

Izimvubu nezinyoni

Ngokufana nezinyathi, ezinye izinyoni zidla izimuncagazi ezitholakala esikhunjeni semvubu. Imvubu iyazuza ngokususwa kwezinto eziyilimazayo ngenkathi inyoni ingondli nje kuphela kepha futhi ithola ukuvikelwa kwemvubu.