-Delile
I- amaqiniso omphakathi, ngokusho kwesayensi yezenhlalo kanye ne-anthropology, kukhona leyo mibono yokulawula yokuziphatha komuntu eyenziwe emphakathini futhi engaphandle komuntu ngamunye, ephoqayo futhi ehlanganyelwe. Ngakho-ke, yizimo zokuziphatha nemicabango ebekwe ngumphakathi.
Lo mqondo waqanjwa usosayensi wezenhlalo waseFrance u-ilemile Durkheim ngo-1895, futhi kucabanga uhlobo lokuguqulwa kokungaphakathi kwaso sonke isihloko, emphoqa ukuthi azizwe, acabange futhi enze ngendlela ethile, ngokufana nomphakathi.
Isihloko, noma kunjalo, singaphikisana naleli gunya elihlanganyelwe, ngaleyo ndlela siqinise ingaphakathi lakhe nobuntu bakhe, njengoba kwenza abaculi. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukana ngamaqiniso ezenhlalo kungaba nemiphumela kubo, njengokucindezela abanye noma, ngokuya ngomphakathi neqiniso, ukungavunyelwa nokujeziswa.
Izinhlobo zeqiniso lomphakathi
Iqiniso lomphakathi lingahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ezintathu:
- Isimilo. Labo abahlela umphakathi futhi ba-oda ukubamba iqhaza kwabantu ezindaweni zabo ezahlukahlukene.
- Izikhungo. Amaqiniso ezenhlalo asevele aqukethwe emphakathini futhi ayingxenye ebonakalayo yempilo kuwo.
- Imijikelezo yombono. Bathobela imfashini noma izitayela zesikhashana ezengeziwe, noma abathola amandla amancane noma amancane ngokusho komzuzu womphakathi, futhi bacindezele umphakathi ubheke ohlotsheni lokuzithoba maqondana nokuthile.
La maqiniso ezenhlalo ahlala aziwa yiwo wonke amalungu omphakathi, abiwe noma cha, futhi azimisa ngokuwahlonipha, aphikisana nawo, ngaphandle kokuthi kuxoxwe ngawo nganoma iyiphi indlela ngaphambilini. Ngale ndlela, inqubo ibuyiselwa emuva: imicimbi yezenhlalo ithonya abantu nabantu bakhiqize futhi babeke isimo sezinhlaka zomphakathi..
Ekugcineni, ngokombono othile, yonke imikhakha yokuzithoba komuntu: ulimi, inkolo, isimilo, amasiko, ngamaqiniso ezenhlalo ezinikeza umuntu okuqondene nomphakathi.
Bhekafuthi: Izibonelo zezinkambiso zomphakathi
Izibonelo zamaqiniso ezenhlalo
- Ihlombe ngemuva kokusebenza. Ukuziphatha komphakathi okuvunyiwe futhi kwaphakanyiswa ngemuva kwesenzo sohlobo oluthile ukushayelwa ihlombe ngokuhlanganyela, futhi kuyisibonelo esiphelele nesilula seqiniso lomphakathi. Abazoba khona bazokwazi ukuthi bashaye nini izandla nokuthi kanjani, ngaphandle kokuthi kube khona obachazelayo njengamanjebamane bathathwa yisixuku. Ukungashayi ihlombe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungathathwa njengesenzo sokwedelela lesi senzo.
- Ukuwela KwamaKhatholika. Phakathi komphakathi wamaKhatholika, isiphambano siyingxenye efundwayo futhi ebekiwe yomkhuba, ongagcini ngokwenzeka ekupheleni kweMisa noma ngezikhathi ezikhonjiswe umpristi wesifunda, kepha futhi wenzeka ngezikhathi ezibalulekile empilweni yansuku zonke: phambi izindaba ezimbi, njengesenzo sokuvikelwa kumcimbi ohlaba umxhwele, njll. Akekho okufanele abatshele ukuthi bakwenze nini, kumane nje kuyingxenye yomuzwa ofundwayo.
- Ubuzwe. Ukushisekela izwe, ukuthanda izimpawu zokushisekela izwe, kanye nezinye izindlela zokushisekela izwe kukhuthazwa ngokusobala yimiphakathi eminingi ekuphenduleni iphethini yombono oyisisekelo wokuzidelela. Zombili lezi zici, i-chauvinism (uthando olwedlulele kuzwelonke) noma i-malinchismo (ukudelela yonke into kazwelonke) yakha amaqiniso ezenhlalo.
- Ukhetho. Izinqubo zokhetho zingamaqiniso ayisisekelo senhlalo yempilo yezwe lase-republiki yezizwe, yingakho zibekwa ohulumeni njengengqophamlando yokubamba iqhaza kwezepolitiki, okuvame ukuphoqeleka.. Ukungabambi iqhaza kuzo, noma kungathwali unswinyo olusemthethweni, kungavunywa abanye.
- Imibhikisho noma imibhikisho. Enye indlela yokubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi okuhlelekile yimibhikisho, okuyi zivame ukuvela ekuboneni komuntu omncane noma iqembu bese zivuka ukuhlanganisa nokuqinisa umqondo womphakathi wabantu, kwesinye isikhathi ebaphoqelela ezenzweni zobudedengu (bajikijela amaphoyisa ngamatshe), bazichaya ekucindezelweni noma bephule ngisho nemithetho (njengokuphanga).
- Izimpi nezingxabano ezihlomile. Iqiniso elibalulekile kwezenhlalo emlandweni wesintu izimpi nezingxabano, ngeshwa. Lezi zizwe ezidlulayo zodlame ziguqula yonke inhlalo, ezomthetho nezepolitiki yamazwe futhi ziphoqa imiphakathi ukuthi iziphathe ngezindlela ezithile.: ukulwa nokuvinjelwa, njengebutho, noma i-anarchic nobugovu, njengakwisibalo sabantu ababhajwe ezindaweni ezinengxabano.
- Coups d'etat. Izinguquko ezinodlame kuhulumeni yizimo zangaphandle kubantu ezibeka imizwa ethileisibonelo
- Udlame lwasemadolobheni. Emazweni amaningi anenqwaba yodlame lobugebengu, njengeMexico, iVenezuela, iColombia, njll. amazinga aphezulu ezenzo zobugebengu akha iqiniso kwezenhlalo, ngoba eguqula indlela abantu abazizwa ngayo, abacabanga ngayo nabenza ngayo, imvamisa ibafaka ezindaweni ezinkudlwana futhi ivumele ukubulawa kwezigebengu noma izimo zodlame olulinganayo abazenqabayo.
- Inkinga yezomnotho. Izici zenkinga yezomnotho, ezishintsha kakhulu indlela abantu abahlangana ngayo kwezohwebo, zingamaqiniso ezenhlalo umthelela omkhulu ekuthintekeni kwemizwelo (ukudala ukudangala, ukukhungatheka, intukuthelo), umbono (ukufuna onecala, ukuqubuka kwabokufika kuvela) nokwenza (ukuvotela abantu abathanda ukhetho, ukudla kancane, njll.) kwabantu abathintekile.
- Ubuphekula. Isenzo samangqamuzana amaphekula emiphakathini ehleliwe sinomphumela obalulekile wokuguqula izinto, esiwubonile eYurophu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21: ukuvuselelwa kobuzwe obunamaphiko okudla, ukwesaba nokudelela abantu bakwamanye amazwe, i-Islamophobia, ngamafuphi, imizwa ehlukahlukene ebekwa kumuntu hhayi kuphela ezenzweni ezinobudlova zabashisekeli, kepha kuzo zonke izinkulumo zabezindaba eziboshwe nxazonke.
- Ingakusebenzela: Izibonelo Zezimo Zomphakathi
