Uhlu Lwesayensi Esizayo Yomlando - Encyclopedia

Ividiyo: WE AND THE DOCUMENTARY EXTRATERRESTRAL - SCIENCE-FICTION VS REALITY #2

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Uhlu lwama-Cs. Izinsiza Zomlando

I-isayensi esizayo noma iziyalo ezisizayo yilezo okuthi, ngaphandle kokubhekana ngokugcwele nendawo ethile yokufunda, zixhunywe kuyo futhi zinikeze usizo, ngoba izicelo zazo okungenzeka zinomthelela ekwakhiweni kwendawo okufundwe kuyo.

I- iningi lesayensi elisizayo eMlandweni ziphathelene nezinkambu ezithile ezingaba nentshisekelo kuzo, njenge-Literature, indawo ezimele futhi ezimele yolwazi, ukuhlangana kwayo noMlando kuveza ukuzalwa komlando Wezincwadi: igatsha eligcina isikhathi nelithize.

Lolu hlobo lomhlangano lukhuluma ngezihloko zentshisekelo nokuqukethwe okukhulunywe ngakho yi-History, futhi kungabonakala ngoba vula izingxenye ezintsha zocwaningo lomlando, lapho iba yinto yokufunda.

Elinye icala elikhona kungenzeka liqonde ekuqondisweni kobukhona okungahlukaniswa noMlando kanjalo, nokuthi babheka izindlela, izindlela zokuqonda imibhalo noma ukusondela kumicimbi yomlando noma indlela yokuqopha nokugcina umlando. Injalo-ke indaba yeChronology, isibonelo, inhloso yayo ukulungisa ukuhleleka kwesikhashana kwemicimbi yomlando kumugqa wesikhathi.

Lesi sakamuva kungabhekiswa kuso ngokuthi isayensi yomlando.

Uhlu lwama-Cs. Izinsiza Zomlando

Ukulandelana kwezikhathi. Njengoba sishilo, kuyisiqeshana somlando, sigxile ngqo ekuhlelweni kwemicimbi yesikhashana. Igama layo livela ekuhlanganeni kwamagama esiGreki Izikhathi (isikhathi) no Izimpawu (ukubhala, ukwazi).
I-Epigraphy. Isayensi esizayo yomlando futhi futhi iyazimela ngokwemvelo, igxila emibhalweni yasendulo eyenziwe ngamatshe noma ezinye izesekeli zomzimba eziqinile, ifunda ngokulondolozwa kwayo, ukufunda nokuchazwa. Kulokhu, kuhlotshaniswa nezinye izayensi ezifana ne-palaeography, i-archeology noma i-numismatics.
Izinombolo. Mhlawumbe isayensi endala kunazo zonke emlandweni (owazalwa ngekhulu le-19), inentshisekelo kuphela ekutadisheni nasekuqoqweni kwezinhlamvu zemali namabhange akhishwe ngokusemthethweni yinoma yisiphi isizwe emhlabeni ngasikhathi esithile. Lolu cwaningo lungaba lwethiyori kanye nomqondo (wemfundiso) noma womlando (ochazayo).
I-Paleography. Isayensi esizayo ephethe ukutadisha okubucayi nokuhlelekile kwemibhalo yasendulo: ukulondolozwa, ukuchazwa, ukuhunyushwa kanye nokuthola imibhalo ebhalwe kunoma iyiphi indlela naphakathi kwamasiko okhokho. Kuvame ukutholakala ngokusebenzisana eduze neSayensi Yezokwazisa, njengeLabhulali Yesayensi.
I-Heraldry. Isiyalo esisizayo somlando esichaza ngokuhlelekile futhi sihlaziye izibalo ezijwayelekile kanye nezethulo zamajazi ezikhali, okuvame kakhulu emindenini yohlu lozalo esikhathini esedlule.
I-Codicology. Isiyalo esigxila esifundweni saso ezincwadini zakudala, kepha eziqondwa njengezinto: hhayi okuqukethwe kwabo kakhulu njengendlela yokuzenza, ukuvela kwazo emlandweni, njll. endulo.
Usomaqhinga. Le sayensi yomlando igxila emibhalweni, noma ngabe imuphi umbhali wayo, inakekela izinto ezingaphakathi zokubhala: ukwesekwa, ulimi, ukwakheka kanye nezinye izinto ezivumela iziphetho ukuthi zithathwe ngobuqiniso bazo futhi zivumele ukutolikwa kwazo okuyikho.
I-Sigillography. Isayensi yezomlando ezinikezelwe kwizitembu ezisetshenziselwa ukukhomba izinhlamvu kanye nemibhalo ye-provenance esemthethweni: ulimi lwabo oluthile, izimo zabo zokudalwa kanye nokuziphendukela kwabo komlando.
Umlando. Imvamisa ebhekwa njenge-meta-history, okungukuthi, i-History of History, kuyisiyalo esiphenya indlela umlando (obhaliwe) wezizwe owakhiwa ngayo nendlela eyagcinwa ngayo emibhalweni noma emibhalweni ethile .
Ubuciko. Ukutadisha ubuciko kuyindlela yokuzimela ngokuphelele, egxila kwezintshisekelo zayo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zokubonakaliswa kobuciko emphakathini wesintu futhi izama ukuphendula umbuzo ongapheli wokuthi iyini. Kodwa-ke, uma kuhlanganiswa nomlando bakhiqiza i-History of Art, ebheka kuphela ubuciko ekuhambeni kwesikhathi: amafomu okuqala ayenawo, ukuvela kwawo nendlela yawo yokubonisa ukuhamba kwesikhathi, njll.
Izincwadi. Njengoba sibonile ngaphambili, imibhalo kanye nomlando kungasebenzisana ukukhulisa umlando wezincwadi, uhlobo lomlando wobuciko ogxile kakhulu kulokho okufundwayo, ngoba ligxile ekuguqulweni okungokomlando kwemibhalo kusukela ezinhlotsheni zayo zokuqala ezinganekwane kulokhu usuku.
Kwesokudla. Njengasemacaleni amabili edlule, ukusebenzisana phakathi koMlando noMthetho kuveza igatsha lokutadisha okungokomlando elinqamula into eliyifundayo ngezindlela isintu esazi ngazo ukushaya umthetho nokuphatha ubulungiswa, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo (ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zamaRoma, okwakucatshangelwa ukubaluleka okubalulekile ekuqondeni kwethu ubulungiswa) kuya esimanjemanje.
Imivubukulo. Ngokusemthethweni i-Archaeology isifundo sezinsalela zasendulo zemiphakathi yabantu eyanyamalala, ngenhloso yokwakhiwa kabusha kwempilo yabantu bamadlozi. Lokhu kwenza into oyithandayo inabe, njengoba kungaba yizincwadi, amafomu wobuciko, amanxiwa, amathuluzi, njll. Kanye nezindlela zokuzithola. Ngalo mqondo, kuyisayensi ezimele ubukhona bayo obungeke bube khona ngaphandle komlando futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, obunikeza ubufakazi obubalulekile maqondana nokwakheka kwemfundiso.
Izilimi. Le sayensi, inentshisekelo ezilimini zomuntu, okungukuthi, ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene zezimpawu ezitholakalayo zokuxhumana kwabo, ingahlala ijoyine nomlando ukwakha Izilimi Zomlando noma I-Diachronic Linguistics: isifundo soguquko ngesikhathi sezindlela ukuxhumana ngomlomo nezilimi ezahlukahlukene ezisungulwe ngumuntu.
I-Stratigraphy. Lesi siyalo siyigatsha le-geology, into yalo ethakazelwayo eyenziwe ngamalungiselelo amatshe angenalutho, amethamorphic kanye ne-sedimentary koqweqwe lomhlaba, abonakalayo ezimweni zokusikwa kwe-tectonic. Ngokusebenzisana noMlando, uzala i-stratigraphy yemivubukulo, esebenzisa lolu lwazi ngamatshe nangemigqa ukumisa umlando wokwakheka kobuso bomhlaba.
Ukwenza ibalazwe. Igatsha lejografi, elinentshisekelo ezindleleni zokumelwa kwendawo yeplanethi, okungukuthi, ukunwetshwa kwamamephu nama-atlases noma ama-planispheres, lingasebenzisana nomlando wakhe i-History of Cartography: isiyalo esixubekile esifuna ukuqonda umlando wesikhathi esizayo umuntu ngendlela amele ngayo umhlaba kumamephu akhe.
I-Ethnography. I-ethnography, uma sikhuluma kabanzi, isifundo nokuchazwa kwabantu namasiko abo, yingakho abaningi bekubheka njengegatsha le-anthropology yezenhlalo noma yamasiko. Iqiniso ukuthi linikezela ngemininingwane eminingi kuMlando, ngoba elinye lamathuluzi asetshenziswa kakhulu ngabadwebuli bezimbali yi-Life History, lapho kubuzwa khona abantu futhi nohambo lwabo lwempilo lusetshenziswa njengendlela yokufinyelela esikweni elifanele.
I-Paleontology. I-Paleontology yisayensi efunda izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezazihlala emhlabeni wethu ezikhathini ezedlule, ngomzamo wokuqonda ukuthi babephila kanjani futhi baqonde kangcono impicabadala yokuphila emhlabeni. Kulokhu basondelene kakhulu nomlando, ngoba bakhuluma ngezikhathi zangaphambi kokuvela komuntu, benikeza izazi-mlando ithuba lokucabanga ngomlando ngaphambi komlando.
Ezomnotho. Njengoba nje le sayensi yezenhlalo ifunda ngezindlela umuntu aguqula ngazo imvelo ukuze amsize, okungukuthi, izindlela zokukhiqiza izimpahla nezinsizakalo nokwanelisa izidingo zabantu ngazo, ukuxhumana kwalo nomlando kuvula lonke igatsha lokufunda: Umlando we Umnotho, obhekisisa ushintsho olwenziwe ngumphakathi ezindabeni zezomnotho selokhu saqala.
Ifilosofi. Isayensi yawo wonke amasayensi, ifilosofi, kufanele kube yisayensi ematasa nemicabango uqobo. Ngokuhlangana nomlando, bangakhuphula i-History of Thought, isifundo sezinguquko endleleni yokuzicabangela wena nendawo yonke yomuntu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube namuhla.