-Delile
I- indlela yesayensi kuyindlela yocwaningo ephawula Isayensi yemvelo kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa. Kuyinkqubo eqinile evumela ukuchaza izimo, ukwakha nokuhlola imicabango.
Ukusho ukuthi ungusosayensi kusho ukuthi inhloso yakhe ukukhiqiza ulwazi.
Kubonakala nge:
- Ukubheka okuhlelekile: Kungumbono onenhloso ngakho-ke uyakhetha. Kuyirekhodi lalokho okwenzeka emhlabeni wangempela.
- Ukwakhiwa kombuzo noma kwenkinga: Ngokubukwa, kuphakama inkinga noma umbuzo ofuna ukuxazululwa. Kwabe sekucatshangwa i-hypothesis, okuyimpendulo engenzeka yombuzo obuziwe. Ukucabanga kokukhipha kusetshenziselwa ukwakha imibono.
- Ukuhlolwa: Siqukethe ukutadisha into ngokuzala kwayo, imvamisa ngaphansi kwezimo zelebhu, kaninginingi nangaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo. Ukuhlolwa kuklanywe ngendlela yokuthi kungaqinisekisa noma kuphikise i-hypothesis ehlongozwayo.
- Ukukhishwa kweziphetho: Umphakathi wesayensi uphethe ukuhlola imiphumela etholwe ngokubuyekezwa kontanga, okusho ukuthi, abanye ososayensi bokukhethekile okufanayo bahlaziya inqubo nemiphumela yayo.
Indlela yesayensi ingaholela ku ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso. Imibono izitatimende eziqinisekisiwe, okungenani ngokwengxenye. Uma umbono uqinisekiswa njengeqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi nasendaweni, kuba ngumthetho. I- imithetho yemvelo zihlala unomphela futhi aziguquki.
Kunezinsika ezimbili eziyisisekelo zendlela yesayensi:
- Ukukhiqiza kabusha: Kuyikhono lokuphinda ukuhlolwa. Ngakho-ke, Izincwadi Zesayensi Kubandakanya yonke idatha ekuhlolweni okwenziwe. Uma benganikeli ngemininingwane yokuvumela ukuhlolwa okufanayo ukuthi kuphindwe, akuthathwa njengokuhlolwa kwesayensi.
- Ukuphindeka kabusha: Noma iyiphi i-hypothesis noma isitatimende sesayensi singaphikiswa. Lokho wukuthi, kufanele okungenani ukwazi ukucabanga isitatimende esivivinywa ngokomzimba esiphikisana nesimangalo sokuqala. Isibonelo, uma ngithi, "wonke amakati e-violet angabesifazane”, Akunakwenzeka ukuqamba amanga, ngoba amakati ansomi akabonakali. Lesi sibonelo singahle sibonakale singenangqondo kepha izimangalo ezifanayo zibanjwa esidlangalaleni ngamabhizinisi angabonakali, njengezihambi.
Izibonelo zendlela yesayensi
- Ukutheleleka nge-anthrax
URobert Koch wayengudokotela waseJalimane owayehlala engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Uma sikhuluma ngososayensi, akubonayo akuwona umhlaba omzungezile kuphela kodwa nokutholwa abanye ososayensi. Ngakho-ke, uKoch uqala kuqala kusuka ekubonisweni kukaCasimir Davaine ukuthi i-anthrax bacillus yadluliselwa ngqo phakathi kwezinkomo.
Okunye akubonile ukuqubuka okungaqondakali kwe-anthrax ezindaweni lapho kwakungekho muntu one-anthrax.
Umbuzo noma inkinga: Kungani kukhona ukutheleleka nge-anthrax lapho kungekho muntu ongaqala ukutheleleka?
I-Hypothesis: I-bacillus noma ingxenye yayo isinda ngaphandle kwesikhungo (umuntu onegciwane).
Isilingo: Ososayensi kaningi kufanele basungule izindlela zabo zokuhlola, ikakhulukazi lapho besondela endaweni yolwazi engakahlolwa. U-Koch wasungula izindlela zakhe zokuhlanza i-bacillus kumasampula egazi nokuyilungisa.
Imiphumela yokuthola: I-Bacilli ayikwazi ukusinda ngaphandle kwesikhungo (i-hypothesis iphikisiwe kancane). Kodwa-ke, ama-bacilli enza ama-endospores asinda ngaphandle kwesikhungo futhi akwazi ukudala izifo.
Ucwaningo lukaKoch lube nemiphumela eminingi emphakathini wesayensi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukutholakala kokusinda kwamagciwane (abangela izifo) ngaphandle kwezinto eziphilayo kwaqala inqubo yokuvala inzalo yezinsimbi zokuhlinza nezinye izinto zesibhedlela.
Kepha ngaphezu kwalokho izindlela zakhe ezazisetshenziswa ekuphenyweni kwe-anthrax kamuva zapheleliswa ekutadisheni isifo sofuba nekholera. Ngalokhu, wasungula izindlela zokubala nezokuhlanza, kanye nemidiya yokukhula kwamagciwane njengama-agar plate nezitsha zePetri. Zonke lezi zindlela zisasetshenziswa nanamuhla.
Iziphetho. Ngomsebenzi wakhe osuselwe kunqubo yesayensi, wafinyelela eziphethweni ezilandelayo, ezisasebenza nanamuhla futhi ezilawula lonke ucwaningo lwama-bacteriological:
- Ekuguleni, igciwane likhona.
- Igciwane lingathathwa kumphathi futhi likhule ngokuzimela (isiko).
- Lesi sifo singakhiqizwa ngokwethula isiko elimsulwa laleli gciwane kwisikhungo sokuhlola esinempilo.
- Igciwane elifanayo lingabonakala kumsingathi onegciwane.
- Umuthi wokugomela ingxibongo
U-Edward Jenner wayengusosayensi owayehlala eNgilandi phakathi kwekhulu le-17 nele-19.
Ngaleso sikhathi ingxibongo yayiyisifo esiyingozi kubantu, ibulala u-30% walabo abangenwe yigciwane futhi ishiya izibazi kwabasindile, noma ibenze bangaboni.
Noma kunjalo, ingxibongo ku won beyimnene futhi ibingasakazeka kusuka enkomeni iye kumuntu ngezilonda ezitholakala emibele yezinkomo. UJenner uthole ukuthi abasebenzi bezinkomo zobisi abaningi bathi ukube babambe ingxibongo ezinkomeni (ezaziphola masinyane) babengeke bagule ngengxibongo yabantu.
Ukuqaphela: Inkolelo yokuzivikela etholakala ekusakazekeni kwengxibongo yezinkomo. Ngokwalokhu kuphawula, uJenner wadlulela esinyathelweni esilandelayo sendlela yesayensi, ephethe umbono wokuthi le nkolelo iyiqiniso futhi wenza izivivinyo ezidingekayo ukufakazela noma ukuphikisa lokho.
I-Hypothesis: Ukutheleleka kukapokisi wezinkomo kuvikela ingxibongo yomuntu.
Isilingo: Ukuhlolwa kukaJenner bekungeke kwamukelwe namuhla, njengoba kwenziwa kubantu. Yize ngaleso sikhathi yayingekho enye indlela yokuhlola i-hypothesis, ukuzama ingane namuhla bekungeke kwamukeleke ngokuphelele. UJenner uthathe okokufaka esikhwameni sezinkomo esandleni sowesifazane obengenwe ubisi wasisebenzisa engalweni yomfana, indodana yensimu yakhe. Umfana wagula izinsuku ezimbalwa kodwa walulama ngokugcwele. UJenner ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wathatha impahla esesilonda sengxibongo yomuntu wayifaka engalweni yengane efanayo. Kodwa-ke, umfana akazange asithole lesi sifo. Ngemuva kwalokhu kuhlolwa kokuqala, uJenner wakuphinda lokho kuhlolwa nabanye abantu wabe eseshicilela akutholile.
Iziphetho: i-hypothesis eqinisekisiwe. Ngakho-ke (indlela yokudonsa) ukuthelela umuntu nge-cowpox kuvikela ekuthelelekeni kwengxibongo yabantu. Kamuva, umphakathi wesayensi wakwazi ukuphinda ukuhlolwa kukaJenner futhi bathola imiphumela efanayo.
Ngale ndlela kwasungulwa "imishanguzo" yokuqala: ukusebenzisa uhlobo oluthambile lwegciwane ukugomela umuntu egciwaneni elinamandla futhi eliyingozi kakhulu. Njengamanje umthetho ofanayo usetshenziselwa izifo ezahlukahlukene. Igama "umuthi wokugoma" livela kule ndlela yokuqala yokugoma enegciwane lezinkomo.
- Ungasebenzisa indlela yesayensi
Indlela yesayensi iyindlela yokuhlola imicabango. Ukuze usetshenziswe, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukwazi ukwenza ukuhlolwa.
Isibonelo, ake sithi uhlale ulele kakhulu phakathi nesigaba sakho sezibalo.
Okubonayo ngukuthi: Ngiphupha ekilasini lezibalo.
Enye ye-hypothesis engaba khona yile: Ulele ekilasini lezibalo ngoba awuzange ulale ngokwanele izolo ebusuku.
Ukwenza isivivinyo esifakazela noma esiphikisa umbono, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ungaguquli lutho ekuziphatheni kwakho, ngaphandle kwamahora okulala: kufanele ube nesidlo sasekuseni esifanayo, uhlale endaweni efanayo ekilasini, ukhulume abantu abafanayo.
Isilingo: Ngobusuku obandulela isigaba sezibalo uzolala ngehora ngaphambi kokujwayelekile.
Uma uyeka ukulala phakathi nesigaba sezibalo ngemuva kokwenza isivivinyo kaninginingi (ungakhohlwa ukubaluleka kokwenza ukuhlolwa izikhathi eziningana) i-hypothesis izokuqinisekiswa.
Uma uqhubeka nokulala, kufanele ukhule imibono emisha.
Ngokwesibonelo:
- I-hypothesis 1. Ihora elilodwa lokulala belinganele. Phinda ukuhlolwa okwandisa amahora amabili okulala.
- I-Hypothesis 2. Enye into iyangenelela ekuzweleni kokulala (izinga lokushisa, ukudla okudliwe emini). Ukuhlolwa okusha kuzoklanywa ukuhlola izehlakalo zezinye izinto.
- I-Hypothesis 3. Yi-mathematics eyenza ukozele ngakho-ke ayikho indlela yokuyigwema.
Njengoba kungabonakala kulesi sibonelo esilula, indlela yesayensi iyafuna lapho ufinyelela iziphetho, ikakhulukazi lapho umbono wethu wokuqala ungafakazelwa.
