-Delile
I- I-Revolution yaseMexico Kwakuyimpi ehlomile eyaqala ngo-1910 yaphela ngo-1920, eyayimele umcimbi obaluleke kakhulu kwezenhlalo nakwezombusazwe wekhulu lama-20 laseMexico. Kwakuwuchungechunge lokuvukela kuhlonyiwe ohulumeni abalandela ngaphansi kwegunya lobushiqela likaPorfirio Díaz, okwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ishumi leminyaka lesibili noma lesithathu leminyaka, lapho ekugcineni kumenyezelwa uMthethosisekelo waseMexico.
Ngesikhathi sokulwa, amabutho athembekile kuhulumeni wobushiqela we UPorfirio Diaz, owabusa izwe kusukela ngo-1876, elwa namahlongandlebe aholwa ngu UFrancisco I. Madero, obone ukuthi kungenzeka ukuqala inhlangano yokuthola kabusha iRiphabhulikhi. Baphumelela ngo-1910, ngohlelo lweSan Luis, lapho basuka khona basuka enyakatho yeMexico besuka eSan Antonio (Texas).
Ngo-1911, kwabanjwa ukhetho kanti UMadero wakhethwa njengomengameli. Kodwa ukungavumelani kwakhe nabanye abaholi bezinguquko, njengoPascual Orozco no-Emiliano Zapata, kwaholela ekuvukeleni labo ababengamadlelandawonye akhe. Leli thuba lisetshenziswe yiqembu lamasosha aziwa namuhla ngokuthi "Abayishumi Abayinhlekelele", abathi, beholwa nguFélix Díaz, uBernardo Reyes noVictoriano Huerta, benza umbhikisho futhi babulala umongameli, umfowabo kanye nephini likamongameli. Ngakho-ke, uHuerta wathatha igunya lezwe.
Akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuthi abaholi bezinguquko basabele njengoVenustiano Carranza noma uFrancisco “Pancho” Villa, owalwa no-de facto uhulumeni waze washiya esikhundleni uHuerta ngo-1912, ngemuva kokuhlasela kweVeracruz eNyakatho Melika. Kwathi-ke, kude nokufinyelela ukuthula, kwaqala izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene ayesususe uHuerta, ngakho uCarranza wabiza i-Aguascalientes Convention ukubiza umholi oyedwa, owayengu-Eulalio Gutiérrez, umongameli omisiwe. Kodwa-ke, uCarranza uqobo uzosishaya indiva isivumelwano futhi ubudlova buzoqala kabusha.
Ekugcineni, kwathathwa izinyathelo zokuqala ukumisa i- umthethosisekelo omusha wezwe ngo-1917 futhi ulethe uCarranza emandleni. Kodwa izimpi zangaphakathi zazizothatha eminye iminyaka embalwa, lapho kuzobulawa khona laba baholi: uZapata ngo-1919, uCarranza ngo-1920, i-Villa ngo-1923, no-Obregón ngo-1928.
Kepha sekuvele ngo-1920 u-Adolfo de la Huerta wayesethathe igunya, kwathi ngo-1924 uPlutarco Elías Calles, wavumela umlando womhlaba wentando yeningi waleli zwe futhi waqeda neNguquko yaseMexico.
Izimbangela Zenguquko YaseMexico
- Inkinga yePorphyry. UColonel Porfirio Díaz wayesevele ephethe iMexico phakathi neminyaka engama-34 yokubusa kobushiqela, lapho kwakwenziwe ukwanda kwezomnotho ngemali yokudlanga kwezigaba ezicebile. Lokhu kuqubule inkinga yezenhlalo, ezepolitiki, ezomnotho namasiko, ezenze ukuthi labo ababemphikisa babhebhethekise ukuthembeka kukahulumeni wakhe. Ngenkathi uDíaz uqobo ememezela ukuthi uzothatha umhlalaphansi embusweni ekupheleni kwesikhathi sakhe, amaqembu angenelisekile abona ukuthi ithuba labo selifikile ukuphoqa ushintsho ezweni.
- Isimo esidabukisayo senkundla. Ezweni elinabantu basemaphandleni abangama-80%, imithetho nemikhuba ekhona yezenhlalo nezomnotho kwakuyileyo yabanini bemihlaba nabanikazi bomhlaba abakhulu. Abalimi kanye nomphakathi wabomdabu baphila bampofu futhi bekweleta impilo, bephucwa umhlaba womphakathi futhi besesimweni esibi kabi sokuthi intatheli yaseMelika uJ. K. Turner encwadini yakhe I-Barbarian Mexico Ngo-1909 wakwazi ukubona kusengaphambili ukuvukela kwabantu abacindezelwe.
- Ukwehliswa isithunzi senhlalo esikhona-iDarwinism. Umcabango omuhle wokuthi izigaba ezibusayo zazingene enkingeni ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, njengoba izinhlangano ezinkulu zifuna ukubamba iqhaza okukhulu ezinqumweni zesizwe. Iqembu eliphakeme elibizwa ngokuthi "Ososayensi" belingasabonwa njengabantu kuphela abakwaziyo ukusebenzisa amandla ngokwemvelo. Lokhu kwakumele iqembu le-porfirate.
- Imizamo kaMadero yokulwa nokhetho kabusha. Uhambo oluhlukahlukene (olwesithathu) olwenziwe nguMadero lokusabalalisa imizwa elwa namaPorfirian esizweni sonke luphumelele kakhulu waze wasolwa ngokugqugquzela ukuvukela umbuso wagwetshwa ejele. Uzobe esededelwa ngebheyili, kodwa ngaphandle kwelungelo lokushiya izwe noma abambe iqhaza okhethweni, lapho uColonel Porfirio Díaz aphinde akhethwa khona, ephikisana nesithembiso sakhe.
- Inkinga yango-1907. Inkinga eYurophu nase-United States iholele ekwehleni okukhulu kwamakhredithi ezimboni kanye namanani entengo aphezulu wokungenisa ezweni, okwaholela ekuswelekeni kwemisebenzi okuphezulu okwaqhubekisela phambili ukuwohloka kwabantu baseMexico.
Imiphumela Yenguquko yaseMexico
- Izimpilo eziyizigidi ezi-3.4 zithintekile. Akunasibalo esiqondile senani labashonile phakathi kwempi, kodwa kulinganiselwa ukuthi liphakathi kwesigidi esisodwa kuya kwezigidi ezimbili zabantu. Kubalwa ukuthuthela kwamanye amazwe, indlala, ukwehla kwezinga lokuzalwa kanye nomkhuhlane waseSpain kwaqala ngo-1918, kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abayizigidi eziyi-3.4 babone izimpilo zabo zithinteka unomphela ngalesi sikhathi somlando waseMexico.
- Ukuzalwa kuka-bureaucrat. Ngenxa yezinguquko ezinkulu kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe zeNguquko, izigaba ezazincishwe amathuba zingena kuHulumeni ukuze zithathe imisebenzi yezokuphatha. Ibutho, elizimisele ngeRevolution, nalo lavula uhlelo lwalo futhi laqasha abasebenzi abavela ezigabeni eziphakathi neziphansi, lakhula ngo-50 noma ngo-60% ngesikhathi sikahulumeni waseCalles. Lokhu kusho ushintsho olukhulu ekwabiweni kwengcebo ezweni.
- Ukufuduka emadolobheni. Ukubaleka ukuphazamiseka nobudlova emaphandleni, njengoba iRevolution kwakuyinhlangano eyayinabantu abaningi basemaphandleni, amaphesenti amakhulu wabantu abampofu afudukela emadolobheni, ngaleyo ndlela andise izinga lokuphila emadolobheni kepha abangela ukungalingani kwezenhlalo kuwo.
- Ukuguqulwa kwezolimo. Olunye ushintsho olubaluleke kakhulu lweRevolution, lwavumela abalimi ukuthi babe nomhlaba futhi bakhe isigaba esisha sama-ejidatarios. Lokhu, noma kunjalo, akuzange kulithuthukise izinga labo lempilo futhi abaningi basathanda ukuthuthela emasimini lapho baphathwa kabi futhi baxhashazwa khona, kepha bakhokhelwa kangcono. Abanye abaningi bathuthela e-United States.
- Umthelela wobuciko nowezincwadi. Ababhali abaningi baseMexico baveze emisebenzini yabo okwenzeka phakathi kuka-1910 no-1917, ngokungazi kwakha umsipha onamandla wobuciko nobuciko owawuzothela izithelo kamuva kusiko lezwe labo. Abanye balaba babhali nguMariano Azuela (futhi ikakhulukazi inoveli yakhe Labo ngezansi 1916), uJosé Vasconcelos, uRafael M. Muñoz, uJosé Rubén Romero, uMartín Luis Guzmán nabanye. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngo-1928 kuqhubeke, uhlobo "lwenoveli Yezinguquko" luzozalwa. Okufanayo kwenzeka nge-cinema nezithombe, amasiko awo abonisa kakhulu iminyaka yempi.
- Ukuphakama kwama-corridos kanye ne- "adelitas". Ngesikhathi senguquko, i-corrido, isisho somculo nesithandwayo esivela ku-romance yakudala yaseSpain, yathola amandla amakhulu, lapho kulandiswa khona imicimbi ye-epic kanye neyezinguquko, noma izimpilo zabaholi abadumile abanjengoPancho Villa noma u-Emiliano Zapata. Okuvela kubo kuzalwa futhi isibalo se- "adelita" noma i-soldadera, owesifazane ozinikele enkundleni yempi, ubufakazi bokubamba iqhaza okubalulekile kwabantu besifazane ezinhlangothini zombili zempi.
- Ukubonakala kwamasosha kwabesifazane. Abesifazane abaningi babambe iqhaza empini, bafinyelela ezingeni lika-colonel, u-lieutenant noma ukaputeni, futhi bashiya uphawu olubalulekile endleleni abesifazane ababecabanga ngayo ngaleso sikhathi. Phakathi kwabo kungabizwa ngoMargarita Neri, uRosa Bobadilla, uJuana Ramona de Flores noma uMaría de Jesús de la Rosa "i-coronela".
