Izibonelo ezingama-20 zezinto ezingaxutshiwe nezingxube - Encyclopedia

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Izibonelo zezinto ezimsulwa
Izingxube
Solute futhi kuphela
Izibonelo zemixube
Ingakusiza

Zonke izindlela ze- ndaba ukuthi siyazi ngomkhathi ungahlukaniswa ngokomthethosisekelo wawo ngezigaba ezimbili: izinto ezimsulwa nemixube.

I-izinto ezimsulwa yilezo ezakhiwe, ngokuyisisekelo, ngoyedwa isici samakhemikhali noma ngezinto eziyisisekelo ezakha ukwakheka kwawo kwamangqamuzana, uma kungenzeka kube yi kwakwakhe.

Into emsulwa igcina izinto ezifanayo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali, ngakho-ke ihlala iphendula ngendlela efanayo kukhuthazo noma ukusabela okunikeziwe, njengephuzu ukubilisa igagasi ukuminyana.

Izinto ezihlanzekile-ke zingaba yi-monatomic (njenge-Helium emsulwa), ebizwa nangokuthi izinto ezilula ngoba azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa zibe izingxenye zazo; noma izinto ezihlanganisiwe (ezinjengamanzi: i-hydrogen + oxygen), ngoba zifaka inani elingaguquguquki futhi elizinzile lezinto eziyisisekelo ezenzayo.

Vele, into emsulwa izohlala iswela izithasiselo ezingezekile noma yiluphi uhlobo lokungcola oluguqula ukwakheka kwalo okuyisisekelo.

Izibonelo zezinto ezimsulwa

I-helium emsulwa. Okuqukethwe ku- isimo segesi ekugcwalisweni kwamabhaluni ephathi, noma phakathi kwezingxenye zokuphendula kwenuzi kwe-hydrogen, ngoba iyi Igesi elihle, okungukuthi, ngegesi ene-reactivity ephansi kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho ayivamisile ukuhlangana nezinye izinto ukwakha izakhiwo ezintsha zamakhemikhali.
Amanzi ahlanzekile. Imvamisa kubhekiselwa kuwo njengamanzi kufakiwe, itholakala ngezinqubo zaselabhorethri ukugwema ukuxubungula noma yini enye into engokwemvelo (njengoba amanzi kuyisixazululo esikhulu kunazo zonke esaziwayo). Ngakho-ke, kungamanzi akhiwe kuphela ngama-athomu e-hydrogen ne-oxygen (H₂O), akukho okunye.
Igolide elimsulwa. Igolide elimsulwa, ama-carats angama-24, liyibhulokhi eliyingqayizivele elenziwe ngama-athomu egolide (Au) kuphela futhi ngokukhethekile.
Amadayimane. Yize kungahle kungabonakali kufana nakho, amadayimane, enye yezinto zokwakha okunzima kunazo zonke, akhiwe ama-athomu ikhabhoni (C) kuphela, ihlelwe ngendlela ethile yokuthi izibopho zazo cishe azikwazi ukuqhekeka.
Isibabule. Le nto yetafula lezikhathi itholakala ezintweni eziningi ezilula noma ezihlanganisiwe, ngoba iyinto esebenza kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, singasho igama le- i-asidi isibabule (H₂SW₄) njengento ehlanzekile, ngaphandle kokuthi iqukethe ama-athomu e-hydrogen, isulfure ne-oxygen, ngoba aziphatha njengento eyodwa kuphela.
Ozone. Inhlanganisela yokubukeka okungajwayelekile endaweni yethu yansuku zonke, kepha inengcindezi namazinga okushisa aphezulu, yi-ozone. Iqukethe i- i-molecule iyafana neyomoya-mpilo, kepha ngama-athomu amathathu ale nto (O₃) futhi kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ngqo ukuhlanza amanzi.
I-Benzene (C₆H₆). A i-hydrocarbon, okuwukuthi, ukuhlangana kwekhabhoni ne-athomu ye-hydrogen, engenambala, engenaphunga, evuthayo futhi enobuthi, kodwa etholakala esimweni sokuhlanzeka, kugcina izakhiwo zayo kanye nokuphendula kwayo.
I-Sodium Chloride (NaCl). Usawoti ojwayelekile, esinawo ekhaya, yinto ehlanzekile ehlangene. Yakhiwe ngezinto ezimbili: i-chlorine ne-sodium. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma siyifaka esobheni, izoba yingxenye yenhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi.
Isikhutha (CO₂). Ugesi esiwukhipha ngemuva kokuphefumula nokuthi izitshalo zidinga umsebenzi wazo we-photosynthesis. Yakhiwe yikhabhoni nomoya-mpilo, ivame ukuncibilika (ixubeke) emkhathini kanye namanye amagesi, kepha uma ithathwa yizitshalo noma yenziwa elabhoratri, isesimweni sayo esimsulwa.
I-graphite. Okunye ukuvela okumsulwa kwekhabhoni, okufana nedayimane ngokwamakhemikhali, yize kungenjalo ngokomzimba. Iqukethe ama-athomu ekhabhoni kuphela, ngokuqondanisa okubuthakathaka kakhudlwana futhi okubumbeke kalula kunalokho kwedayimane.

Izingxube

I- izingxube kuyinhlanganisela yezinto ezihlanzekile ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, ngokulingana okuguqukayo nokugcina eziningi zazo izakhiwo ngawodwana, ngaleyo ndlela kutholakale into exubekile enezinto ezingahlukaniswa ngezindlela zomzimba kanye / noma zamakhemikhali.

Ngokuya ngemodi yokuxhumana yalezi zingxenye, izingxube zingaba izinhlobo ezimbili:

Izingxube ezi-Heterogeneous. Kuzo, kungenzeka ukubheka, kungaba ngamehlo noma ngemishini yaselebhu, ubukhona bezinto ezixubekile, ngoba zisatshalaliswa ngokungajwayelekile, noma ngezigaba ezibonakalayo. Lezi zingxube nazo zingaba, ukumiswa (izinhlayiya ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo ku-solvent) noma ama-colloids (Izinhlayiya zomzimba zincane kakhulu ukuthi azibonakali kalula, futhi zihlala zinganyakaza futhi zishayisana).
Izingxube ezifanayo. Izakhi ezakha lezi zingxube zisatshalaliswa ngokufanayo futhi azikwazi ukubonwa ngamehlo. Zivame ukubizwa izixazululo zamakhemikhali Noma umane izixazululo, njengoba izingxenye zayo (solute futhi isisombululo) azihlukeki kalula.

Solute futhi kuphela

I- izixazululo bayimixube efanayo, okungukuthi, engaqondakali; kepha izingxenye zayo zibizwa solute futhi isisombululo ngokwesilinganiso esiningi sesibili maqondana nesokuqala.

Ngokwesibonelo:

Uma ku ketshezi Amagremu ambalwa we okuqinile B, zingancibilika futhi asikwazi ukuzibona ngamehlo, njengoba sisengakwenza ngoketshezi olukuzo. Kodwa-ke, uma sihwamuka lolu ketshezi, amagremu esiqinile azohlala esitsheni ebesiqukethe isixazululo. Lolu hlobo lwenqubo lubizwa izindlela zokwehlukanisa udaba.

Izibonelo zemixube

IGelatin. Le nhlanganisela yama-colloidal yama-collagen avela ezintweni zezilwane ezixakile yakhiwa ngokuxuba amanzi kanye nokuqina lapho kukhona ukushisa. Uma ingxube yomfaniswano (ehambisanayo) itholakele, ipholile qinisa futhi uthola i-dessert ejwayelekile yezingane.
Intuthu yasekhishini. Imvamisa ingxube ye-propane ne-butane, amagesi esiwasebenzisayo ukukhanyisa isitofu noma i-ovini awabonakali (ingxube efanayo) bese sabelana ngephuzu lawo lokushisa, kepha angahlukaniswa ngokuphelele elabhoratri kusizakale umehluko othile wamakhemikhali noma womzimba phakathi laba bobabili.
Umoya omnandi. Umoya siwubiza ngokuthi ingxube engabonakali yamagesi, afaka phakathi ama-monatomics amaningi (i-Oxygen, i-Hydrogen, njll.) Namanye amakhemikhali. Yize zingahlukaniseki ekuboneni kokuqala, kungenzeka ukubahlukanisa elabhoratri bese uthola ngayinye isesimweni sayo esimsulwa.
Amanzi olwandle. Amanzi olwandle akude nokumsulwa: aqukethe uyaphuma, izinto eziyinhlanganisela umkhiqizo wezinqubo zamakhemikhali, izinsalela zamakhemikhali zokuphila noma imisebenzi yabantu, ngamafuphi, iyinhlanganisela ecishe ifane yezingxenye zayo. Kodwa-ke, uma sibeka amanzi olwandle ukuze ome elangeni, usawoti sizowuthola ezansi esitsheni njengoba uketshezi luhwamuka.
Igazi. Izinto eziphilayo ezingapheli ziyancibilika egazini, amaseli, ama-enzyme, amaprotheni, izakhamzimba namagesi afana nomoya-mpilo. Kodwa-ke, kudrophu asikwazi ukubona noma yini yayo, ngaphandle kokuthi siyibona ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu.
UMayo. IMayonesi iyisoso esine-emulsified ebandayo, inhlanganisela yeqanda nowoyela wemifino, futhi akukho nokuyinto, into ehlanzekile. Ngakho-ke kuyinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho kungenakwenzeka khona ukuqonda izingxenye zayo.
Ushukela engilazini yamanzi. Empeleni, ushukela uyancibilika emanzini, ngakho-ke singalahlekelwa ngamakristalu awo njengoba siwathela engilazini bese sinyakazisa ngepuni. Kodwa-ke, uma siqhubeka nokungeza (ukusuthisa isixazululo), sizofinyelela ibanga lokuhlushwa ukuze ushukela okweqile uhlale ezansi, okungukuthi, awusakhi enye ingxube.
Amanzi angcolile Amanzi angcoliswe inhlabathi noma ezinye izinto ezilahliwe avumela iso lenyama ukubona izixazululo eziningi ezifiphaza ukukhanya kwaso. Lezi zinto zimisiwe oketshezini, ngakho-ke zingasuswa ngokusebenzisa i- inqubo yokuhlunga.
Ithusi. Njengawo wonke ama-alloys, i-bronze inyunyana yezinsimbi ezimbili ezihlukile, njengethusi nethini (izinto ezihlanzekile). Lokhu kuvumela ukwakhiwa kwezingxenye zensimbi ezingazinzile kakhulu, ngoba ama-athomu abo awakhi izibopho ezihlala njalo, ngakho-ke zibumbeka kalula futhi zine-ductile, kepha ziyamelana. Ukusungulwa kwethusi kwakuyinguquko yangempela kubuntu basendulo.
Ilayisi nobhontshisi. Njengoba nje sizinyakazisa kupuleti noma ebhodweni, ubhontshisi nelayisi kuzobonakala ngamehlo, yize sikudla ndawonye ukujabulela ukunambitheka kwabo okuhlangene. Lokhu kuyismorgasbord kakhulu futhi kahle ihlungeke, uma sifuna ukubehlukanisa ngokuphelele.