Izibonelo ezingama-20 zamakhowe - Encyclopedia

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Izibonelo zamakhowe

Igama "amakhowe”Ingabe igama elijwayelekile lombuso wonke wezidalwa ama-eukaryotes (Abanikazi bamaseli ane-nucleated) abaziwa ngokuthi isikhunta, futhi okuvame ukufaka amakhowe, isikhunta kanye nemvubelo (yize ikakhulukazi ngaphambili), ngoba ahlukile ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni ezakhiweni zamakhemikhali nasezindleleni zawo zokondla nokuzala.

Isibonelo, amalungu ombuso isikhunta Banamaseli anikezwe udonga lwamakhemikhali njengezitshalo, kepha esikhundleni sokwenza i-cellulose, enziwe nge-chitin, ikhompiyutha efanayo etholakala kugobolondo lwezinambuzane. Ngasikhathi sinye, zizala kabusha ngokocansi futhi asexual, ngokukhiqizwa kwezinhlamvu; izakhiwo ezinganyakazi kukho konke ukuphila kwazo futhi zondla ngokubila kwezinto eziphilayo eziningi kakhulu futhi izindawo ezahlukahlukene kungenzeka.

I- ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo isikhunta sibanzi kakhulu, kukhona isikhunta esidliwayo futhi esinobuthi, isikhunta esinciphisayo nesasendle, esetshenziswa ngumuntu, ama-coprophiles kanye nama-pyrophiles, kepha ngokujwayelekile adinga izimo ezithile zomswakama nezakhamzimba ukuze zithuthuke. Kungakho kungenzeka ukuthi ubathole besuka ezingwadule, ezindaweni ezinosawoti, lapho bethonywe yimisebe ye-ionizing noma phansi kwamahlathi ashushu asezindaweni ezishisayo.

Igatsha lesayensi elizinikele ekutadisheni kwalezi zinhlobo zezidalwa laziwa njengeMycology.

Izibonelo zamakhowe

Amakhowe ajwayelekile (I-Agaricus bisporus). Amakhowe okudla aphuma phambili, avela eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, ayingxenye yezici eziningi zokudla futhi atshalwa kabanzi emhlabeni jikelele. Imvamisa imhlophe, ine-hypha emfushane nesigqoko esiyindilinga.
Amakhowe kaReishi (UGanoderma lucidum). Isikhunta se-parasitic se-bark yezinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla, esisatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezishisayo nasendaweni epholile, singelinye lamakhowe amadala aziwayo. Imvamisa zinemibala eguquguqukayo, enesigqoko esime okwezinso futhi embozwe ungqimba lwe-lacquer.
Amakhowe aseTurkey (Ama-trametes e-versicolor). Ejwayeleke kakhulu futhi ehlukahlukene kumbala wayo, leli khowe elenziwe ngomsila we-turkey libhekwa njengomuthi ngokwesiko lasendulo lamaShayina, lize lisetshenziswe njenge-immuno-aid yokulwa nomdlavuza. Imvamisa ikhula emagxolweni esihlahla esimanzi, emadwaleni, noma emithambekeni.
Ibhilikotsi eliluhlaza (Amanita phalloides). Isikhunta sokufa esesabekayo, ikepisi elibulalayo noma i-hemlock eluhlaza, singesinye sezinhlobo zamakhowe ezinobuthi ezaziwa kakhulu. Ifana kakhulu namakhowe athile adliwayo, imvamisa iyimbangela yobuthi obubulalayo, obunemiphumela esheshayo esibindini nasezinsweni. Zinomzimba omncane futhi omude, onesigqoko esibanzi, esiphuzi..
Zihlole (I-Lactarius deliciosus). Abizwa nangokuthi ama-chanterelles noma ama-robellones, angamakhowe adliwayo ajwayelekile eSpain, afana nezihlahla zikaphayini namahlathi ahlanganisiwe. Ziphuma ekwindla, zinomzimba onsundu nomhlophe onyawo oluyigobongo futhi olufushane, okuthi uma luphukile, kukhishwe i-latex ewolintshi. Ziphekwe ngesitshulu futhi zivame ukuhambisana nenyama.
"Isinkwa saseNdiya" (UCyttaria harioti). ILlao llao noma isinkwa saseNdiya, yisikhunta semithi ethile yezihlahla zePatagonian (i-ñire kanye ne-coihue ikakhulukazi), yesifunda saseNingizimu Melika saseChile nase-Argentina. Ziyadla. Ukubukeka kwaso kuvimbela amapayipi esihlahla savian futhi umuthi uvame ukudala amafindo okudlula ukuvinjelwa, okuwuphawu olubonakalayo lokuba khona kwawo.
I-huitlacoche noma i-cuitlacoche (Ustilago maydis). Isikhunta esidliwayo, amagciwane ommbila, ahlasela izindlebe ezisencane futhi avele inyongo empunga eba mnyama lapho ikhula. EMexico, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kubhekwa njengefa lama-Aztec, futhi izitsha eziningi zenziwa ngalo.
Amakhowe aseMongui (Psilocybe semilanceata). Ukulinganisa phakathi kuka-2 no-5 cm, nesigqoko esimhlophe nesinsundu esivuthayo njengoba sikhula, leli khowe lase-Europe elibizwa ngokuthi i-hallucinogenic lisetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-psychotropic. Umphumela wayo uphikisana nowe-serotonin, okwenza kusebenze futhi kube nokuxubana okungaholela ekuphambanweni nasemania.
I-pom pom (Amanita muscaria). Isikhunta esivame kakhulu, sinesigqoko esibomvu esifana nesinye esingaphanjaniswa ne-oronja nokuthi, ekuqaleni kwaso, sivele simbozwe izinwele ezimhlophe. I-hallucinogen ne-neurotoxic eyaziwayo, efaka ubuthi ezinambuzaneni eziwela esigqokweni sayo bese igcina umthombo wayo wezinto eziphilayo.
I-penicillin fungus (IPenicillium chrysogenum). Ngenxa yokuvela ngengozi kwalesi fungus emiphumeleni yokuhlola ka-Alexander Fleming, sithole isibulala-magciwane esiyinhloko emlandweni, i-penicillin. Kukhona umndeni wonke wesikhunta okwazi ukufihla le nto yokwelapha.
UJudas Ear (I-Auricularia auricula-judae). Ukhunta odliwayo okhula emagxolweni nasemagatsheni afile ezihlahla futhi onombala obomvana obomvu, yingakho uhlotshaniswa nephini lomuntu. Iyadliwa futhi inezakhi zokulwa namagciwane nezokulwa nokuvuvukala.
Shitake(I-Lentinula edodes). Amakhowe adliwayo ajwayelekile kakhulu e-cuisine yase-Asia, yaziwa nangokuthi "amakhowe amahlathi amnyama" noma "imbali amakhowe" ngamagama abo endawo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ungowokuzalwa eChina, lapho utshalwa ngokwesiko okhunini noma ezitshalweni zokwenziwa. Umkhiqizi wayo omkhulu emhlabeni yiJapan.
Ama-truffle amnyama (I-tuber melanosporum). Okunye ukuhluka kwekhowe elidliwayo, elaziswa kakhulu ngenxa yephunga nokunambitheka kwalo. Kwenzeka phansi ebusika baseYurophu futhi kunokubonakala okumnyama, okunobuso obunezinwele. Kuyinto yokwengeza ejwayelekile ye-gastronomic kuma-foie gras nososo ohlukile.
I-candida yomuntu (AmaCandida albicans). Le fungus ivame ukutholakala emlonyeni, emathunjini nasesitho sangasese sowesifazane, futhi ihlobene nokugaywa koshukela ngokuvutshelwa. Kepha kungahle kube yi-pathogenic futhi kukhiqize i- ukutheleleka kwemvubelo, isifo esivame kakhulu futhi eselapheka ngokuphelele socansi.
Unyawo lomsubathi (I-Epidermophyton floccosum). Le fungus ingenye yezimbangela ezingaba khona zothando lwefungal lesikhumba somuntu (umbandamu), ikakhulukazi uma kunjalo, njengakwisimo sabasubathi, obhekene nokushisa ngokweqile nezimo zomswakama. Zakha amakholoni amnyama ansundu noma aluhlaza okotshani.
Amakhowe eVelvet(Flammulina velutipes). Amakhowe adliwayo anesiqu eside nemibala ehlukahlukene, aziswa kakhulu nge-gastronomy yaseJapan ngokuthungwa kwayo okuchichimayo nobuningi bayo emagqabeni ezihlahla.
Amakhowe we-Bioluminescent (I-Omphalotus nidiformis). Ngokuvamile e-Australia naseTasmania, kanye naseNdiya, leli khowe linomumo omhlophe, ongajwayelekile wesidleke, okhanyisa ukukhanya ebumnyameni. Zihlukile ngokugqamile yize zinobuthi futhi zingadli.
Ikhophi elibomvu (I-Sarcoscypha coccinea). Isikhunta samanje emhlabeni wonke, esikhula ezinsikeni nasemagatsheni abolayo phansi kwamahlathi aswakeme, anomumo ojwayelekile oyindilinga nobomvana. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezokwelapha kuyaziwa, yize ukuhleleka kwayo kusengaphansi kwengxoxo ngabalobi abakhethekile.
Isikhunta se-Aflatoxin (I-Aspergillus flavus). Imvamisa kummbila namakinati, nakakhaphethi abade abamanzi, lesi sikhunta sihlotshaniswa nezifo zamaphaphu futhi sine-allergenic kakhulu, esikwaziyo ukufihla ama-mycotoxins abulalayo.
Isikhunta esimnyama (I-Stachybotrys chartarum). Njengoba inobuthi kakhulu, lesi sikhunta sivame ukuvela ezakhiweni ezilahliwe lapho kunezinto eziningi eziphilayo, umswakama ophakeme nokukhanya okuncane, kanye nokushintshana komoya okuncane. Ukuhogela izinhlamvu zayo kuveza ubuthi kanye nokukhwehlela okungapheli, kuya ngobude namandla okuchayeka kuma-mycotoxin.