-Delile
A amangaEmkhakheni we-logic, kuyimpikiswano noma ukucabanga okubonakala kuvumelekile lapho uthi nhlá, kepha akunjalo. Noma ngabe kwenziwe ngenhloso, ngenhloso yokukhohlisa nokukhohlisa (sophistry), noma ngokungenantshisekelo (paralogism), ubuqili buye babamba iqhaza emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yokuphikisa yemizamo yezenhlalo, njengezombusazwe, izinkulumo, isayensi noma inkolo.
U-Aristotle ubeke khona ubukhona be izinhlobo eziyishumi nantathu zamanga, kepha namuhla sazi inani eliphakeme kakhulu nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlukanisa ukuze siziqonde. Ngokuvamile, a impikiswano Ngeke kube ngamanga uma inokudonswa kokudonswa noma kokungeniswa, okuyizakhiwo eziyiqiniso nezithethelelayo, futhi ingaweli ocingweni encenga umbuzo.
Ingakusebenzela: Izibonelo Zezahlulelo Zeqiniso Nezingamanga
Izibonelo zamanga
Isicelo semigomo.
Kungamanga abonakala ngokuqukethe isiphetho sempikiswano okufanele ihlolwe ngokuphelele noma ngokusobala ngaphakathi kwendawo etholakalayo yayo. Ngakho-ke kuyindlela yokucabanga okuyindilinga, lapho isiphetho sikhomba khona kusisekelo uqobo. Isibonelo: "Ngiqinisile, ngoba nginguyihlo futhi abazali bakho bahlala beqinisile."
Ukuqinisekiswa komphumela.
Futhi kubizwa ukuguqula iphutha, lo mbumbulu uqinisekisa iqiniso lesisekelo esiphethweni, uphikisana nomqondo oqondile. Isibonelo: “Noma nini lapho likhithika, kuyabanda. Njengoba kubanda, khona-ke likhithika ”.
Ukwenza okungajwayelekile.
Lo mkhohliso udonsa futhi uqinisekise isiphetho esivela endaweni enganele, enweba ukucabanga kuwo wonke amacala. Isibonelo: “Ubaba uyayithanda i-broccoli. Udadewethu uyayithanda i-broccoli. Umndeni wonke uyayithanda i-broccoli. "
Thumela i-hoc ergo propter hoc.
Lo manga aqanjwa ngegama lesiLatini elihumusha "ngemuva kwalokhu, njengomphumela walokhu" futhi laziwa nangokuthi ukuhlangana okuqondane noma imbangela yamanga. Ubeka isiphetho sesisekelo ngeqiniso elilula lokuthi zenzeka zilandelana. Isibonelo: “Ilanga liyaphuma ngemuva kokukhala kweqhude. Ngakho-ke, ilanga liyaphuma ngoba iqhude liyakhala ”.
Amanga kaSniper.
Igama lalo liphefumulelwe ngumuntu okusolwa ukuthi ungumdubuli odubule inqolobane engahleliwe wabe esedweba ilitshe ngakunye, ukumemezela inhloso yakhe enhle. Le mbumbulu iqukethe ukukhohliswa kolwazi olungahlobene kuze kube nokuthola uhlobo oluthile lomthelela ozwakalayo phakathi kwabo. Kuchaza nokuzilimaza komzimba. Isibonelo: “Namuhla ngiphuphe ukuthi ngineminyaka eyishumi nambili ubudala. Ku-lotto kuphume unombolo 3. Iphupho lamxwayisa ngoba 1 + 2 = 3 ”.
Inkohliso Scarecrow.
Ebizwa nangokuthi ubuqili bendoda yotshani, iqukethe i-caricature yezimpikiswano eziphikisanayo, ukuze kuhlaselwe uhlobo olubuthakathaka lwazo futhi kukhombise ukuphakama kokuphikisana. Ngokwesibonelo:
– Ngicabanga ukuthi izingane akufanele ziphume sekwedlule isikhathi.
– Angicabangi ukuthi kufanele umgcine evalelwe etilongweni aze akhule (ukuphikisa okungamanga)
Ukunxenxa okukhethekile.
Kuqukethe ukusola isitha ngokuntula ubuntununtunu, ulwazi noma igunya lokubamba iqhaza empikiswaneni, ngaleyo ndlela simenze angafaneleki njengezinga elifanele lokuphikiswa. Ngokwesibonelo:
– Angihambisani nokwanda kwamanani kagesi namanzi kusuka osukwini olulodwa kuye kolandelayo.
– Okwenzekayo ukuthi awuqondi lutho ngezomnotho.
Amanga omzila ongamanga.
Waziwa ngo i-herring ebomvu (I-herring ebomvu, ngesiNgisi), kumayelana nokuphambukisa ukunakwa kusuka empikiswaneni kuye kwesinye isihloko, njengendlela emnandi efihla ubuthakathaka bokuphikisana bengxabano uqobo lwayo. Ngokwesibonelo:
– Ngabe awuvumelani nesigwebo esiphakanyiselwe umdlwenguli? Awunandaba nokuthi izinkulungwane zabazali zicabangani ngakho?
Ukuphikisana nesimilo.
Impikiswano evela ekuthuleni ngamanga adonsa isiphetho ekuthuleni noma ekushodeni kobufakazi, okungukuthi, ekuthuleni noma ekwenqabeni ukuveza imininingwane ngomphikisi. Ngokwesibonelo:
– Usikhuluma kahle kangakanani isiJalimane?
– Wulimi lwesibili kimi.
– Ake sibone, ngihaye inkondlo.
– Angazi lutho.
– Ngakho-ke awusazi isiJalimane.
Impikiswano yesikhangiso.
Le mbumbulu iqukethe ukuhlola ubuqiniso besisekelo ngokuya ngokuthi zifiseleka noma zingathandeki kanjani iziphetho noma imiphumela yazo. Ngokwesibonelo:
– Angikwazi ukukhulelwa, ukube bengikhulelwe, ubaba ubengangibulala.
Ukungqubuzana kwesikhangiso se-baculum.
Impikiswano "enxenxa umoba" (ngesiLatini) ngamanga asekela ukuba semthethweni kwesisekelo esesatshiswe ngodlame, ukuphoqwa noma ukusongelwa ukuthi ukungasamukeli kuzomela okhulumisana noma ophikisayo. Ngokwesibonelo:
– Awusona isitabane. Ukube bekunjalo, besingeke sihlale singabangani.
Ukungqubuzana kwesikhangiso.
Lokhu kungahambi kahle kuphambukisa ukuhlaselwa kusuka ezimpikiswaneni zomphikisi kuye kumuntu uqobo, kukuhlanekezela ngokunwetshwa ekuhlaselweni komuntu siqu. Ngokwesibonelo:
– Izimalimboleko zesikhathi eside zizolungisa ukusilela kwemali.
– Usho lokho ngoba ungusozigidi futhi awazi ngezidingo.
Ukuphikisana nesikhangiso.
Eyaziwa nangokuthi yicingo lokungazi, iqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni noma ukuqamba amanga kwesisekelo esisekelwe ebukhoneni noma ekusweleni kobufakazi bokukufakazela. Ngakho-ke, impikiswano isuselwe hhayi olwazini lwangempela, kepha ekungazini komuntu noma komphikisi. Ngokwesibonelo:
– Uthi iqembu lakho lisebuningini? Angikholwa.
– Awukwazi ukufakazela ngenye indlela, ngakho-ke kuyiqiniso.
Ukungqubuzana kwesikhangiso se-populum.
Eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-populist sophistry, kusho ukucatshangelwa kokusebenza noma okungamanga kwesisekelo esisekelwe kulokho iningi (langempela noma elicabanga) elikucabangayo ngakho. Ngokwesibonelo:
– Angiwuthandi ushokoledi.
– Wonke umuntu uthanda ushokoledi.
Ukungqubuzana kwesikhangiso se-nauseam.
Amanga ahlanganisa ukuphindwaphindwa kwesisekelo, njengokungathi ukuphikelela kokufanayo kungabeka ukwethembeka noma amanga. Kungamanga afingqwe emgqeni odumile wongqongqoshe wenkulumo-ze uJoseph Goebbels: "Amanga aphindwe izikhathi eziyinkulungwane aba iqiniso."
Ukungqubuzana kwesikhangiso verecundiam.
Futhi ebizwa ngokuthi "impikiswano yegunya", ivikela ukuba semthethweni noma ukuqamba amanga kwesisekelo esisekelwe embonweni wochwepheshe noma isiphathimandla esithile (esingokoqobo noma esisolwayo) maqondana nalokhu. Ngokwesibonelo:
– Angicabangi ukuthi bebebaningi kangako abantu kulo mbukiso.
– Yebo kunjalo. Amaphephandaba asho njalo.
Ukungqubuzana kwesikhangiso esidala.
Lokhu okungelona iqiniso kuqukethe ukunxenxa isiko, okungukuthi, kuthatha ukufaneleka kwesisekelo ngokwendlela yesiko yokucabanga ngezinto. Ngokwesibonelo:
– Umshado wezitabane awuvunyelwe, ngabe into enjengale ibonwe nini?
Ukungqubuzana kwesikhangiso novitatem.
Kwaziwa njengesikhalazo entweni entsha, kuphambene nokunxenxa amasiko, kuphakamisa ukuba semthethweni kwesisekelo esisekelwe kumlingiswa waso ongashicilelwanga. Ngokwesibonelo:
– Angiwuthandi lo mbukiso.
– Kepha uma kunguhlobo lwakamuva kakhulu!
Ukungqubuzana kwesimo sesimo.
Kungamanga abeka impikiswano noma ubufakazi besiphetho sayo, ebavimbela ekuphikisweni ngoba nabo abakaqinisekiswa ngokuphelele. Kuyinto ejwayelekile yobuntatheli futhi isebenzisa amagama amaningi ngaphansi kwemibandela. Ngokwesibonelo:
– Lo sopolitiki ubezophambukisa izimali zomphakathi ukuze azizuzise yena.
Amanga emvelo.
Lokhu kuchaza iqiniso noma ukuqamba kwamanga kwesitatimende, kusukela ekubonisweni okuyiphutha kwesici esithile seqembu lomuntu (ngokwesibonelo, lezo eziphonswa ngezibalo) kunoma yimuphi umuntu waso ngaphandle kokwehlukanisa, izinkolelo-ze futhi ubandlululo. Ngokwesibonelo:
– Umhlaseli oyedwa kwabathathu e-United States umnyama. Ngakho-ke, abantu abamnyama banamathuba amaningi okuthi bebe.
Ingakusebenzela: Izibonelo Zokubonisana
