20 Izibonelo Zamaseli AseSomatic - Encyclopedia

-Delile

Izibonelo zamaseli we-somatic

I-amaseli we-somatic yilezo lezo kwakha ingqikithi yezicubu nezitho zomzimba wezinto eziphilayo ezinamaseli amaningi, ngokuhlukile ocansini noma kumaseli wegciwane (imidlalonamaseli ombungu (ama-stem cells). Wonke amaseli akha izicubu, i- izitho futhi lezo ezizungeza egazini nakwezinye iziphuzo ezingezona ezokuzala, amaseli we-somatic.

Lo mehluko awuqukethe kuphela ukucaciswa kwemisebenzi yabo, kepha futhi nokuthi amaseli we-somatic awuhlobo lwe-diploid, okungukuthi, aqukethe uchungechunge ezimbili ze ama-chromosomes lapho kutholakala khona inani lemininingwane yofuzo yomuntu ngamunye.

A) Yebo, izinto zofuzo zawo wonke amaseli we-somatic ziyafana. Esikhundleni salokho, amaseli wezocansi noma imidlalo zinokuqukethwe okuhlukile kwezofuzo, ngenxa yemvelo engahleliwe yokuhlanganiswa kabusha kofuzo ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwazo, okungameleli lutho ngaphezu kwengxenye yolwazi oluphelele lomuntu ngamunye.

Eqinisweni, inqubo ye- ukuhlangana siqukethe ukusizakala ngalo mthwalo ophelele wezakhi zofuzo okhona kunoma yisiphi iseli lomzimba wesidalwa esiphilayo, into engenakwenzeka ukuyenza ngesidoda noma iqanda, ngoba kuncike komunye nomunye ukuqedela imininingwane yofuzo yomuntu omusha.

Izibonelo zamaseli we-somatic

Ama-Myocyte. Leli yigama elinikezwa amangqamuzana akha imisipha ehlukahlukene yomzimba, emaphethelweni nesifuba ngisho nenhliziyo. Lawa maseli zibonakaliswa ngokuba nokuqina okukhulu okubavumela ukuba baphumule futhi baphinde bathole isimo sabo sangempela, ngaleyo ndlela kuvumela ukunyakaza namandla.
Amaseli we-Epithelial. Zimboza ubuso bomzimba bangaphakathi nangaphandle, ukwakha inqwaba ebizwa nge-epithelium noma i-epidermis, equkethe izingxenye ezithile zesikhumba kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Kuvikela umzimba nezitho ezintweni ezingaphandle, kuvame ukufihla amafinyila noma ezinye izinto.
Ama-erythrocyte (amaseli abomvu egazi). Ukungenayo i-nucleus ne-mitochondria kubantu, lawa maseli egazi ahlinzekwa nge-hemoglobin (enikeza igazi umbala wayo obomvu) ukuthwala umoya-mpilo kubalulekile ekuhlanganeni okuhlukahlukene komzimba. Ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zinamaseli abomvu egazi ane-nucleus, njengezinyoni.
Ama-leukocyte (amaseli amhlophe egazi). Amaseli wokuvikela nokuvikela omzimba, ophethe ukubhekana nama-agent angaphandle angadala izifo noma izifo. Ngokuvamile ziyasebenza kugubuzela izinhlangano zakwamanye amazwe futhi zivumela ukuxoshwa kwazo ngezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zokukhishwanjengomchamo, indle, amafinyila, njll.
Ama-Neurons. Amaseli ezinzwa awenzi nje kuphela ubuchopho, kodwa futhi nentambo yomgogodla kanye neziphetho ezahlukahlukene zezinzwa, banesibopho sokudlulisa imizwa kagesi ehlanganisa imisipha yomzimba nezinye izinhlelo ezibalulekile. Zakha ubukhulu obukhulu amanethiwekhi we-neural kusukela ekuxhumekeni kwama-dendrites ayo.
Ama-thrombocyte (amaplatelets). Izingcezu zeCytoplasmic, ngaphezu kwamaseli, ezingajwayelekile futhi ezingenayo i-nucleus, ajwayelekile kuzo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni nasekwakheni i-thrombi noma amahlule. Ukushoda kwayo kungadala ukopha.
Izinduku noma ukotini. Amaseli akhona ku-retina yeso elincelisayo futhi afeza izindima ze-photoreceptor, axhumene nombono ezimweni eziphansi zokukhanya.
Ama-chondrocyte. Luhlobo lweseli oluhlanganisa uqwanga, lapho khiqiza ama-collagens nama-proteoglycans, izinto ezisekela i-matrix ye-cartilaginous. Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kobukhona be-cartilage, bakha kuphela u-5% wobukhulu bayo.
Ama-osteocyte. Amaseli akha amathambo, kanye nama-osteoclast, avela kuma-osteoblasts futhi avumela ukukhula kwamathambo. Abakwazi ukwehlukanisa, badlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlukanisweni nasekubuyiselweni kabusha kwe-matrix yethambo ezungezile..
Ama-hepatocyte. Lawa amaseli wesibindi, isihlungi segazi nesomzimba. Bakha ifayili le- umabhebhana (izicubu ezisebenzayo) zalesi sitho esibalulekile, sikhipha inyongo edingekayo ezinkambisweni zokugaya ukudla kanye nokuvumela imijikelezo ehlukene yokuguqula umzimba.
Amaseli we-Plasma. Lawa ngamaseli omzimba, njengamaseli amhlophe egazi, zazo zihlukaniswa ngosayizi wazo omkhulu futhi ngoba zibhekene nokugcinwa kwemfihlo ye- amasosha omzimba (ama-immunoglobulin): izinto zohlelo lweprotheyini ezidingekayo ukukhomba i- amagciwane, amagciwane nemizimba yangaphandle ekhona emzimbeni.
Ama-adipocyte. Amaseli akha izicubu ze-adipose (fat), ziyakwazi ukugcina inani elikhulu lama-triglycerides ngaphakathi, cishe libe yithonsi lamafutha. Ukusho izinqolobane ze lipids Kusetshenziselwa ukuthi lapho amazinga eglucose esegazini ancipha futhi kuyadingeka ukuthi uye emithonjeni yamandla ukuze uqhubeke nemisebenzi yomzimba. Vele, anqwabelene ngokweqile, la mafutha angamela inkinga ngokwawo.
Ama-Fibroblasts. Amaseli wezicubu ezixhuma, akha ingaphakathi lomzimba futhi anikeze ukusekelwa ezithweni ezahlukahlukene. Ukuma nezimpawu zayo ezincikene kuncike endaweni okuyo nomsebenzi wazo, okubalulekile ekulungisweni kwezicubu; kodwa emigqeni ejwayelekile zingamaseli wokuvuselela imicu ehlanganayo.
Ama-Megakaryocyte. Lawa maseli amakhulu, ama-nuclei amaningana nama-ramifications, hlanganisa izicubu hematopoietic (abakhiqizi bamaseli egazi) abavela emnkantsheni wethambo nezinye izitho. Banesibopho sokukhiqiza ama-platelet noma ama-thrombocyte aqhamuka ezingcezwini ze-cytoplasm yawo.
Ama-Macrophage. Amaseli avikelayo afana nama-lymphocyte, kodwa akhiqizwa kusuka kuma-monocyte akhiqizwa umnkantsha. Ziyingxenye yesithiyo sokuqala sokuzivikela sezicubu, esimboza noma imuphi umzimba wangaphandle (i-pathogen noma imfucuza) ukuvumela ukungasebenzi kwawo nokusebenza. Zibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokuvuvukala nokulungiswa kwezicubu, ukufaka amaseli afile noma alimele.
I-Melanocyte. Yethula esikhunjeni, Lawa maseli abhekele ukukhiqizwa kwe-melanin, inhlanganisela enikeza isikhumba umbala waso futhi isivikele emisebeni yelanga. Okwenziwayo kwalaba amaseli ukuqina kwesikhumba sombala kuncike, ngakho-ke imisebenzi yayo iyehluka ngokuya ngomjaho.
Ama-pneumocyte. Amaseli akhethekile atholakala ku-alveoli yamaphaphu, abalulekile ekukhiqizeni i- osebenza ngamaphaphu: into enciphisa ukungezwani kwe-alveolar emaphashini ngesikhathi sokuxoshwa komoya futhi okufeza nezindima zomzimba.
Amaseli we-Sertoli. Kutholakala kumashubhu we-testes seminiferous, ahlinzeka ukwesekwa komzimba nokusekelwa kumaseli abhekele ukukhiqizwa kwesidoda. Zikhipha inani elihle lamahomoni nezinto ezihlobene nokulungiswa kwama-gametes futhi zilawule ukusebenza kwamaseli weLeydig.
Amaseli weLeydig. Lawa maseli nawo atholakala kumasende, lapho bakhiqiza khona i-hormone yezocansi ebaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni wesilisa: testosterone, edingekayo ukuze kusebenze ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kubantu abasha.
Amaseli omzimba. Amaseli wezicubu zemizwa ezinikeza ukusekelwa nosizo kuma-neurons. Indima yalo ukulawula isimo se-ionic nesemvelo yamakhemikhali amancane., ukuvikela inqubo efanele yokudluliswa kwe-neural kagesi.