Ukwakheka kwezinto ezimbili ezahlukene kulo kubizwa ngokuthi yisixazululo, noma ngabe kuyizinto ezimbili zesimo esifanayo sokuhlanganiswa noma ezimbili ezihlukile. Kuyadingeka ukuthi ukwakheka kube yingxube efanayo, okungukuthi, ukukhiqiza inqubo lapho into evela ngobuningi obuncane (obubizwa solute) ijoyina enye evela ngobuningi obukhulu (obubizwa isisombululo) kujwayele ukuguqula ezinye zezici zayo zomzimba. Ingxenye ye-solute ku-solvent yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlushwa, futhi imvamisa isixazululo esifanayo singavela ekugxileni okuhlukahlukene.
Izimo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlanganiswa kwendaba zivumela ukwakheka kwezixazululo kunoma yiziphi izinzwa. Ngakho-ke, izixazululo zingabonwa ezinhlotsheni eziningi (ezinegesi ezinamanzi noma okuphambene nalokho, phakathi kwamagesi noma phakathi koketshezi). Okuvamile kaningi, ngaphandle kokungabaza, okokuhlakazeka phakathi kwezakhi eziqinile, okuthi ngenxa yezici zazo kube nzima kakhulu kubo ukuzwa ukuncibilika okufana nalokho okuchaziwe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi ziyanyamalala futhi kujwayelekile ukuthi zivele phakathi kwezinsimbi.
Kujwayelekile lokho ukutholakala kwama-molecule we-solute ngaphakathi kwe-solvent kuguqula izakhiwo ze-solvent uqobo lwayo. Isibonelo, iphuzu lokuncibilika nephuzu elibilayo liyashintsha, likhulisa ukuminyana kwalo nokuziphatha kwamakhemikhali, kanye nombala walo. Kunobudlelwano bezibalo phakathi kwe-quotient yenani lama-molecule we-solute kanye nalawo ancibilikiswa nokwehluka kwamaphoyinti ancibilikayo nabilayo, okutholwe usokhemisi waseFrance uRoult.
Ngokusobala, abantu baxhumana unomphela nezixazululo, ngaphandle kokungabaza bebeka kuqala kulolu hlu umoya, okungukuchithwa kwezakhi zombuso wegesi: ukwakheka kwayo okuningi kunikezwa yi i-nitrogen (78%) kanti okunye kuhlala ngama-21% we umoya-mpilo kanye ne-1% lezinye izinto, yize lezi zibalo zingahluka kancane. Kodwa-ke, umoya ungowesigaba sesixazululo sezixazululo ngoba inhlanganisela yezinto ayikhiqizi ukusabela okuhlangene kepha kumane nje kukhona amagesi akhona, okhiqiza into engekho ngaphandle kwayo impilo yomuntu kanye nezilwane eziphefumulayo.
Uhlu olulandelayo luzofaka izibonelo ezingamashumi amane zezixazululo, kugqamisa isimo sokuhlanganiswa esenziwa yinhlanganisela, i-solute ku-solvent ethile.
- Umoya (igesi ngegesi): Ukwakheka kwamagesi, lapho i-nitrogen isebenza njengaleyo eningi kakhulu.
- Pumice (igesi eqinile): Igesi elihlanganisiwe ku-solid (empeleni okunguketshezi oludlule ngenqubo yokuqina) kuphakamisa itshe, nezakhiwo ezijwayelekile zalo.
- Ibhotela (uketshezi oluqinile).
- Intuthu (okuqinile ngegesi): Umoya uhlanjululwa ukubonakala kwentuthu evela emlilweni, okuyisisombululo lapho umoya usebenza njenge-solvent.
- Amanye ama-alloys phakathi kwezinsimbi (okuqinile kuya kokuqinile)
- Izifutho ze-Aerosol (uketshezi ngegesi)
- Ukhilimu wobuso (uketshezi oketshezi)
- Umoya womoya othulini (okuqinile ngegesi): Ubukhona bezinto eziqinile (ezibolile cishe ziyunithi engahlukaniseki kepha ekugcineni okuqinile) kugesi kuyisibonelo sokonakala ngalomqondo.
- Insimbi (okuqinile okuqinile): Ingxubevange phakathi kwensimbi nekhabhoni, enengxenye ephakeme kakhulu yangaphambilini.
- Iziphuzo ezinamakhemikhali(igesi ewuketshezi): Iziphuzo ezinamakhabhoni, cishe ngokwencazelo yazo, zichithwa amagesi angaphakathi kuketshezi.
- Amalgam (uketshezi oluqinile)
- Uphethiloli (uketshezi kuketshezi): Inhlanganisela yezinto eziyibumbayo (iningi ikhabhoni) ibangela ukuncibilika phakathi koketshezi.
- Butane emoyeni (igesi ngegesi): IButane yinto evumela ukuminyana kwegesi kumashubhu, okulungele ukusetshenziswa njengophethiloli.
- Oxygen emanzini olwandle (igesi ewuketshezi)
- Iziphuzo ezinokuqukethwe kotshwala (uketshezi oketshezi)
- Ikhofi elinobisi (liquid in liquid): Uketshezi olunokuqukethwe okuphezulu luthola okunye okunye, olumele ukuguqulwa kombala nokunambitheka kwalo.
- Intuthu (amagesi angena kugesi): Ukwethulwa kwamagesi angacaciswanga nomoya osemkhathini kukhuthaza ukuguqulwa komoya, okunemiphumela emibi emiphakathini ewuphefumulayo: lapho kugxila kakhulu, kuzoba yingozi kakhulu.
- Ukushefa igwebu (igesi ewuketshezi): Igesi elicindezelwe ethinini lixubene neziphuzo ezinezici zegwebu, ukuthola ingxube ebanzi enomsebenzi wayo ukulungiselela isikhumba ukuze sigundwe.
- Usawoti emanzini (okuqinile kuketshezi)
- Igazi (uketshezi oketshezi): Into esemqoka yi-plasma (uketshezi), futhi ngaphakathi kwayo kuvela ezinye izakhi, okuvela kuzo amangqamuzana abomvu egazi.
- I-Amoniya emanzini (liquid in liquid): Lesi sixazululo (esingabuye senziwe kusuka kugesi kuya kuketshezi) siyasebenza ezintweni eziningi zokuhlanza.
- Umoya onemikhondo yomswakama (uketshezi ngegesi)
- Insimbi ye-bubble (igesi ngokuqinile)
- Iziphuzo zepowder (okuqinile kuketshezi): Impuphu ifakwa emanzini futhi yakha impendulo eveza ngokushesha imibono ye-solute ne-solvent.
- Isidambisi (iqinile kugesi)
- I-Hydrogen ku-palladium (igesi ngokuqinile)
- Amagciwane Ahamba Emoyeni (okuqinile ngegesi): Njengothuli lwasemkhathini, lawa amayunithi amancane kakhulu okuqina ahanjiswa igesi.
- IMercury esiliva (uketshezi oluqinile)
- Inkungu (liquid in gas): Kungukumiswa kwamaconsi amancane amanzi emoyeni, ngemuva kokuhlangana nomoya obandayo.
- Ama-mothballs emoyeni (okuqinile ngegesi)
- Itiye (okuqinile kuketshezi): Okuqinile ngobukhulu obuncane kakhulu (ama-granite emvilophu) ancibilika emanzini.
- Amanzi asebukhosini (liquid in liquid): Ukwakhiwa kwama-acids avumela ukuncibilika kwezinsimbi ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi igolide.
- Ithusi (okuqinile okuqinile): Ingxubevange phakathi kwethusi nethini.
- Ilamuna (liquid in liquid): Yize izikhathi eziningi ingxube iphakathi kokuqinile noketshezi, empeleni kungoketshezi kulokho okuqinile, njengejusi kalamula.
- Iperoxide (igesi ewuketshezi)
- Ithusi (okuqinile okuqinile): Kuyinto ingxubevange phakathi kwethusi eliqinile ne-zinc.
- I-Hydrogen ku-platinum (Iqinile ngegesi)
- Ukupholisa iqhwa (okuqinile kuketshezi): Iqhwa lifakwa kulolo ketshezi bese liyalipholisa, ngenkathi liyoncibilika. Uma yethulwa emanzini, kuyisimo esithile lapho kuyinto efanayo.
- Isixazululo somzimba (uketshezi oketshezi): Amanzi asebenza njenge-solvent futhi izinto eziningi eziwuketshezi zisebenza njenge-solute.
- Amasmoothi (okuqinile kuketshezi): Ngenqubo yokuchoboza, inhlanganisela yokuqina kuketshezi iyenziwa. Kodwa-ke, inhlanganisela uqobo lwayo yenza impendulo ethile ye-solvent enganele ukuyinika ukunambitheka okunikezwa yi-liquefaction.
