-Delile
Okubalulekile yikho konke okunesisindo futhi okukhona esikhaleni. Yonke imizimba eyaziwayo yakha udaba, ngakho-ke, kukhona ubukhulu obungenamkhawulo bobukhulu, ubujamo, ukwakheka nemibala.
Indaba ingavela ezifundazweni ezintathu: okuqinile, uketshezi noma igesi. Isimo sendaba sichazwa uhlobo lwenyunyana ama-athomu noma ama-molecule ayibumbayo anayo.
Ubizwa ngegamaizakhiwo zendaba kuboizici ezijwayelekile noma ezithile. Okujwayelekile yilokho okujwayelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto. Izici ezithile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zihlukanisa umzimba owodwa komunye futhi zihlobene nezinto ezahlukahlukene ezakha imizimba. Izakhiwo ezithile zihlelwe zaba izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali.
- Bheka futhi: Izinguquko zesikhashana nezingunaphakade
Izakhiwo zomzimba
Izici ezibonakalayo zomzimba ziyabonwa noma zilinganiswe ngaphandle kokudinga noma yiluphi ulwazi ngokusebenza kabusha noma ukusebenza kwamakhemikhali kwalolo daba, ngaphandle kokushintsha ukwakheka kwalo noma uhlobo lwamakhemikhali.
Izinguquko ezakhiweni ezibonakalayo zohlelo zichaza ukuguqulwa kwayo kanye nokuziphendukela kwayo kwesikhashana phakathi kwamazwe asheshayo. Kunezici ezithile ezinganqunywa ngokusobala uma zihambelana nezakhiwo noma cha, ezifana nombala: kuyabonakala futhi kukalwe, kepha lokho umuntu ngamunye akubonayo ukuhunyushwa okuthile.
Lezi zakhiwo ezisuselwa kumicimbi yangempela ebonakalayo kepha ngokuya ngezici zesibili ziyabizwaukwengamela. Ngaphandle kwabo, uhlu olulandelayo lunikeza izibonelo ezithile zezinto ezibonakalayo zendaba.
- Ukuqina.Amandla emizimba okhubazekayo lapho kusetshenziswa amandla bese ebuyisa ukuma kwawo kwangempela.
- Iphuzu lokuncibilika. Iphuzu lokushisa lapho umzimba udlula kusuka kuketshezi uye esimweni esiqinile.
- Ukuqhuba.Impahla yezinto ezithile ukuqhuba ugesi nokushisa.
- Ithempelesha. Ukukala kwezinga lokunyakaza okushisayo kwezinhlayiya emzimbeni.
- Ukuncibilika. Amandla wezinto ukuncibilika.
- Ubugebengu.Impahla yemizimba ethile ezophuka ngaphandle kokukhubazeka phambilini.
- Ubulukhuni. Ukumelana nokuthi into ethile iyakuphikisa lapho iklanywa.
- Ukuthungwa.Amandla anqunywa ngokuthinta, okuveza isimo esikhaleni sezinhlayiya zomzimba.
- Ukudonsa.Impahla yezinto ongenza ngazo imicu nezintambo.
- Iphuzu lokubilisa. Iphuzu lokushisa lapho umzimba usuka kuketshezi uye esimweni segesi.
Izici zamakhemikhali
Izici zamakhemikhali zendaba yizona ezenza ukwakheka kokushintshwa kwendaba. Ukuvezwa kwanoma yiluphi udaba ochungechungeni lwama-reactants noma izimo ezithile kungadala ukusabela kwamakhemikhali odabeni futhi kuguqule ukwakheka kwalo.
Ezinye izibonelo zezinto zamakhemikhali zendaba ziyisibonelo futhi zichazwe ngezansi:
- I-Ph. Impahla yamakhemikhali esetshenziselwa ukukala i-asidi yento noma isisombululo.
- Ukushisa. I-oxidation esheshayo, eyenzeka lapho kukhululwa ukushisa nokukhanya.
- Isimo se-oxidation. Izinga le-oxidation ye-athomu.
- Amandla wekhalori. Inani lamandla elikhishwa lapho kwenzeka ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.
- Ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali Amandla ento yokugwema ukuphendula nabanye.
- Okune-alkalinity. Amandla ento yokunciphisa ama-acid.
- Ukubola. Ukugqwala okungadalwa yinto ethile.
- Ukuvuvukala.Amandla ento ukuqala ukushisa lapho kusetshenziswa ukushisa kuyo ezingeni lokushisa elanele.
- Ukwenza kabusha.Amandla ento yokusabela phambi kwabanye.
- Amandla we-Ionization. Amandla adingekayo ukuhlukanisa i-electron ne-athomu.
- Landela nge: Isotopes
