Izibonelo ze-Distillation - Encyclopedia

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Izinhlobo ziphuzo zazihluzwa
Izibonelo ziphuzo zazihluzwa
Amanye amasu wokwehlukanisa izingxube

I- ziphuzo zazihluzwa inqubo yokwehlukaniswa kwezinto ezisebenzisayo esikhundleni se- ukufudumeza kanye ne- ukufingqa, uzisebenzise ngokukhetha ukunamathisela i- ingxube evame ukufana.

Lesi sakamuva singaqukatha uketshezi, a okuqinile kuxubene noketshezi noma amagesi ancibilikisiwe, ngoba kusetshenziswa esinye sezici zemvelo zento ngayinye, njengendawo yokubilisa.

Indawo yokubilisa ibizwa izinga lokushisa lapho uketshezi lushintsha khona isimo salo sibe yigasi (iyahwamuka).

Ngokuyinhloko, ukuze i-distillation yenzeke, ingxube kufanele ibiliswe endaweni ebilayo yenye izinto, ezoqhutshwa ngo- isimo segesi esitsheni esipholile esingagodla kuso futhi sibuyise ukwenzeka kwaso.

Bhekafuthi: Izibonelo ze-Fusion, Solidification, Evaporation, Sublimation, Condensation

Izinhlobo ziphuzo zazihluzwa

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zeziphuzo zazihluzwa:

Okulula. Njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, akuqinisekisi ngokuphelele ubumsulwa bezinto ezifakiwe.
Ihlukaniswe. Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ikholomu yokuhlukanisa, esebenzisa amapuleti ahlukahlukene lapho ukuhwamuka kanye nokujiya kwenzeka ngokulandelana, kuqinisekisa inani eliphezulu lomphumela.
Ukungenalutho. Isebenzisa ingcindezi yomshini ukuze khuthaza inqubo ziphuzo zazihluzwa, ukunciphisa iphuzu lokubilisa lezinto ngesigamu.
I-Azeotropic. Isetshenziselwa ukuphula i-azeotrope, okungukuthi, a ingxube yezinto eziziphatha njengobunye, zabelana ngephuzu elibilayo. Imvamisa kufaka phakathi ukuba khona kwama-ejenti ahlukanisayo futhi konke kwenziwa ngokomthetho kaRaoult.
Ngokufaka umusi. Izakhi ezinokuguquguquka nezingashintshi zenhlanganisela zehlukaniswa nomjovo oqondile womusi ukukhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwengxube.
Yomile. Kususelwa ekushiseni kwezinto eziqinile ngaphandle kosizo lwamakhemikhali awuketshezi, ukukhiqiza amagesi ahlangana kwesinye isitsha.
Kuthuthukisiwe. Leli yigama lesinye isiphuzo sophuzo, noma i-distillation esetshenziswayo, eguqulelwe amacala athile enhlanganisela yezinto okunzima ukuzihlukanisa namaphuzu abilayo.

Izibonelo ziphuzo zazihluzwa

Ukucwengwa kukawoyela. Ukwehlukanisa okuhlukahlukene ama-hydrocarbon kanye ne-petroleum derivatives, kwenziwa inqubo yeziphuzo ezihluzwa ngesiphuzo esivumela ukuthi ngayinye yalezi zinhlanganisela ezivela kokunye zigcinwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukene noma ezakhiweni, kusukela ekuphekeni kukawoyela ongahluziwe. Kuphakama amagesi futhi izinto eziminyene ezifana ne-asphalt nophalafini zehla ngokwehlukana.
Ukuqhekeka kwe-Catalytic. Iziphuzo zokuphefumula zivame ukwenziwa ekusetshenzisweni kukawoyela, kusuka emibhoshongweni wokuhlanza ukuhlukanisa amagesi ahlukahlukene anikezwa ezigabeni zokupheka kukawoyela. Ngale ndlela ukubilisa kwama-hydrocarbon kuyashesha.
Ukuhlanzwa kwe-Ethanol. Inqubo yokwehlukanisa i-ethanol (i-alcohol) emanzini akhiqizwa emalabhorethri idinga inqubo yokuphuziswa kweziphuzo ze-azeotropic, lapho i-benzene noma ezinye izinto zifakwa ukukhipha ingxube futhi zivumele ukwahlukana.
Ukushushiswawamalahle. Ekutholakaleni izinto zokubasa eziwuketshezi, amalahle noma ukhuni kuvame ukusetshenziselwa inqubo yokuphuza iziphuzo eyomile, ukuze kuqinise amagesi akhishwa ngesikhathi somlilo bese uwasebenzisa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene izinqubo zezimboni.
I-Thermolysis kasawoti wamaminerali. Enye inqubo yokuphuza iziphuzo eyomile, equkethe ukushisa usawoti wamaminerali nokuthola kuwo, kusuka ekuqothulweni nasekunciphiseni kwamagesi, ahlukahlukene amaminerali izinto yokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwezimboni.
I-alembic. Le divayisi, eyasungulwa endulo yama-Arabhu ukukhiqiza amakha, imithi notshwala obuvela kwizithelo ezivutshiwe, isebenzisa imigomo yokuphuzisa iziphuzo ngokushisa izinto kubhayela wayo omncane nokupholisa amagesi akhiqizwa kwekhoyili epholisiwe esitsheni esisha.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamakha. Okusalungiswa kwe-steam distillation kuvame ukusetshenziswa embonini yamakha, ngamanzi abilayo nezinhlobo ezithile zezimbali ezigcinwe, ukuze kutholakale igesi eligcwele iphunga okuthi uma seliminyene lingasetshenziswa njengoketshezi olusebenzayo kumakha.
Ukuthola iziphuzo ezidakayo. Kungenzeka ukhiphe ukuvutshelwa kwezithelo noma eminye imikhiqizo yemvelo, ngokwesibonelo, ku-alembic. Umbila ubiliswa cishe ku-80 ° C, izinga lokushisa elibilayo lotshwala, ngaleyo ndlela amanzi ayahlukaniswa, ahlala esitsheni.
Ukuthola amanzi acolisisiwe. Ukuhlanzwa ngokweqile kwamanzi kwenzeka ngenqubo yokuphuzisa iziphuzo ekhipha wonke ama-solute okungenzeka aqukethe. Imvamisa isetshenziswa emalabhorethri nasezimbonini, futhi kusetshenziswa indlela efanayo yokwenza amanzi aphuze ukusetshenziswa ngabantu.
Ukuthola amafutha. Iresiphi yamafutha amaningi abalulekile ukubilisa i- impahla eluhlaza (imifino noma isilwane) kuze kube yilapho uwoyela uhwamuka bese uwubopha ekugcineni okupholile, ukuze uphinde utholakale ukweswela kwawo.
Amanzi olwandle. Ezindaweni eziningi lapho kungekho khona amanzi okuphuza, amanzi asolwandle asetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa, ngemuva kokuthi efakwe usawoti ukuze kususwe usawoti, ngoba owokugcina awubi manzi lapho uketshezi lufudunyezwa futhi luhlala esitsheni sokuqala.
Ukuthola i-pyridine. Uketshezi olungenambala olunephunga elinyanyeka kakhulu, i-pyridine iyinhlanganisela efana ne-benzene, esetshenziswa kakhulu embonini ye-solvent, yezidakamizwa, yedayi kanye ne-pesticide. Kuvame ukutholakala kusiphuzo sophethiloli samafutha esitholwayo, sona, kusuka ekuhlanjululweni kwamathambo okubhubhisayo.
Ukuthola ushukela. Kusuka kukakhukhunathi nezinye izinto zemvelo, ushukela othile ungatholwa nge-distillation esusa amanzi ngokuhwamuka futhi ivumele amakristalu kashukela ukuthi aqhubeke.
Ukuthola i-glycerin. Inqubo yokuthola i-glycerin eyenziwe ngokwenza ihlanganisa ukuphuculwa kwezinsalela zensipho, ngoba le nto ivela ekonakaleni okuthile lipids (njengasemjikelezweni weKrebs).
Ukuthola i-acetic acid. Lokhu okuphuma kuviniga kunezicelo eziningi ezimbonini zemithi, ezithwebula izithombe nezolimo, futhi iziphuzo zazihluzwa zibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ezinqubweni zalo zokukhiqiza, ngoba ikhiqizwa ngokuhlangana nezinye izinto ezingashintshi kangako njenge-formic acid ne-formaldehyde.