-Delile
I-i-biomass, ku-ecology, kubhekiswa enanini eliphelele lezinto eziphilayo eziqukethwe kumuntu ngamunye, umugqa we-a uchungechunge lokudla, inani labantu noma i-ecosystem, evezwe ngesisindo ngeyunithi yevolumu ngayinye.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-biomass nayo iyi- into ephilayo ekhiqizwa ngenqubo yezinto eziphilayo, okuzenzekelayo noma okucasulayo, nokuba nezakhiwo ezidingekayo ukuze kube ngumthombo wamandla avuthayo. Le ncazelo yokugcina singayibiza ngokuthi "i-biomass ewusizo", ngoba indawo yayo enentshisekelo iqonde ngqo ekutholeni ama-biofuels (okokubasa ezolimo).
Leli gama selifanele kakhulu selokhu kwanda ama-biofuels, adingeka njengenye indlela ye- izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi kanye nemakethe yayo eguquguqukayo. Noma kunjalo, “into ephilayo” edingekayo ku-biomass ivame ukudideka ne- into ephilayo, okungukuthi, naleyo ehlanganisa i- izidalwa eziphilayo njengezihlahla (noma ngabe iningi lamagxolo eliwasekelayo kungenzeka ukuthi afile).
Kuyiphutha futhi ukusebenzisa leli gama i-biomass njengegama elifanayo le- amandla angaba khona lokho kusho ukuthi into ephilayo iqukethe, ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye ngoba ubudlelwano phakathi kwenani lezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzisekayo namandla angatholakala kulo kuyahlukahluka futhi kuncike ezintweni eziningi.
I-biomass "ewusizo"
I-Biomass isebenza ukuthola amandla. Ngenxa yalokhu, kusekelwe ekusebenziseni izinqubo ze ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ezilawulwayo, ukuze kutholwe izingxube ze ama-hydrocarbon wamandla, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngokufaka amandla izinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo, njengalezo ezisemotweni.
Singabona izinhlobo ezintathu ze-biomass ewusizo:
- I-biomass yemvelo. Okukhiqizwe ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu, njengokuwa kwamaqabunga ku- Ihlathi.
- Ama-biomass asalile. Kuyinsalela noma umkhiqizo ovela kokunye imisebenzi yezomnotho, njengezolimo, imfuyo, amahlathi noma imboni yokudla, noma ukuvuselelwa kwamafutha.
- Izitshalo zamandla. Izitshalo eziphelele ezenzelwe ukuthola ama-biofuels, zigxile kohlobo oluthile lwemifino noma isihlahla sezithelo amandla aso aphezulu.
Izinzuzo nobubi be-biomass
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-biomass njengophethiloli kunezici ezinhle nezimbi:
- Akungcolisi kangako. Uma kuqhathaniswa no-oyela nezinto ezivela kuwo, noma amalahle, ama-biofuels akhiqiza amanani aphansi e-CO2 nokulimala okuncane kwemvelo, yize lokhu kungasho ukuthi kungokaphethiloli abaluhlaza ngempela.
- Thatha ithuba lendaba eyinsalela. Iningi lezinto ojwayele ukuzinika ifayili le- udoti noma ebola ngokungenamsebenzi, unenani elithile lamandla uma lisetshenziswa njenge impahla eluhlaza yama-biofuels. Lokho futhi kwenza ukuthi lezi zingabizi kakhulu futhi kutholakale kalula.
- Ayisebenzi njengamanye amafutha. Uma kuqhathaniswa nophethiloli wezinsalela, ukusebenza kwabo akwanele ukuba, okwamanje, kube enye indlela esebenza kahle lapho kubhekwana nokufunwa kwamandla emhlabeni.
- Idala izinkinga zokuziphatha. Ngaphezu kwanoma yini maqondana nokuphambukiswa kokudla (ummbila, izithelo, okusanhlamvu nokusanhlamvu) kusuka ku- umkhakha kusuka ekudleni kuya emandleni, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthola uphethiloli kunokondla abantu abalambile.
Izibonelo ze-biomass ewusizo
- Izinkuni zokubasa. Isibonelo sakudala sokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo kungukuqoqwa kwezinkuni zokubasa bese kuthi ngaleyo ndlela kutholakale ukushisa, kokubili ukufudumeza ikhaya ngoshimula, nokubasa umlilo lapho kuphekwa khona ukudla. Le ndlela isukela endulo futhi isaqhubeka phakathi kwamasiko abantu.
- Amagobolondo enati nembewu. Lezi imfucuza kokutholwa kwemikhiqizo yokudla kuvame ukulahlwa kudoti, kepha kunenani elingashisi elikwazi ukutsha. Emakhaya amaningi asezindaweni zasemakhaya iyagcinwa futhi isetshenziselwe ukubasa imililo, noma ngisho nokuthola amafutha emifino okugcoba.
- Izinsalela. Izinto eziphilayo ezisele ekudleni kwethu zinamandla ahlobene namandla, hhayi nje kuphela njengokudla kwezinqubo zomquba kanye nokukhulelwa kwenhlabathi, kepha futhi nokuthola ama-biogas ngezinqubo zokugaya ze-anaerobic (ngaphandle kobukhona be-oxygen). I- amagciwane leyo nkanyezi kule nqubo ikhiqiza amazinga aphezulu e-methane, afana nalokho okwenzeka emathunjini ethu, okwenza i-biogas ishise kakhulu.
- Ama-beet, umoba, ummbila. Izithelo ezinoshukela, njengomoba, isithombo sebhitrudi, ummbila, ziyasebenziseka ekutholeni i-bioethanol, ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokuvutshelwa kufana nokuthola ama-liqueurs, ngoba kukhiqiza i-hydrated alcohol. U-5% wamanzi uyasuswa otshwaleni futhi kutholakala nophethiloli osebenzayo, ofana nophethiloli.
- Iziqu, izinsalela zokusika, ukhuni neminye imifino. Ushukela onjenge-cellulose, isitashi nokunye kugcinwa emzimbeni wezitshalo ama-carbohydrate isithelo se-photosynthesis, esetshenziswa njenge-biomass ezinqubweni zokuguqula ushukela ongabila ukuthola ama-biofuels. Eziningi zalezi zinsalela ziyatholakala ngaphandle kokunikela ngokudla, ngoba izitshalo eziningi kufanele zithenwe, ziphinde zitshalwe noma zisishulwe ngemuva kokuthela izithelo futhi le nto ivame ukulahlwa.
- Ummbila, ukolweni, amabele, ibhali nezinye izinhlamvu. Ngokufana nokuthola ubhiya, lezi okusanhlamvu nemifino icebe kakhulu ngesitashi, okungama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi lapho i-bioethanol ingatholakala khona ngokubila kotshwala.
- I-sawdust noma i-sawdust. Omunye umthombo ongaba khona we-biomass utholakala emananini amakhulu okhuni oluyimpuphu olulahlwa yizimboni zamapulangwe kanye nemboni yezingodo kanjalo. Lonke lolu thuli lunamandla kaphethiloli afanayo nokhuni, futhi lungumthombo we-cellulose wokuthola ushukela ongabila kuma-bioalcohols.
- Iwayini kumele newayini eliphukile. Amawayini abolile futhi kumele izinsalela ezivela ekwakhiweni kwawo ziyimithombo ye-biomass, ngoba ahlinzeka ngotshwala obuhlaza okuvela kubo i-sulfur dioxide (SO2), umthwalo wazo we-methanol (onakalisa izinjini zomlilo) futhi ekugcineni ungasetshenziswa ukuthola i-bioethanol.
- Imfucuza yemfuyo. Imfuyo ingumthombo obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo ezingasebenza njenge-biomass, njengendle yezilwane ezifuywayo (ukudla kwazo okukhethekile kwe-cellulose yemifino kuyathembisa) noma ngisho namafutha asele ekusetshenzisweni kwezilwane.
- Amafutha asalayo asekhaya. Umthombo we-biomass ewuketshezi owoyela esiwalahla ngemuva kokupheka, enziwe kakhulu nge-sunflower, i-canola, ngisho nomnqumo ngamafuphi, imikhiqizo yemifino. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel kubo kudinga umsebenzi we kuhlungiwe kusuka kudoti oqinile, izinyathelo ze-transesterification zokuguqula i-triglycerides ibe yi-methyl esters, kanye nokwengezwa kwe-methanol. Ngemuva kokunciphisa i pH kusuka kumphumela, i-biodiesel ne-glycerol ziyatholakala. Lesi sakamuva siyahoxiswa futhi siyasebenziseka embonini yensipho, kuyilapho i-biodiesel ihlanzwa futhi isetshenziswa njengophethiloli.
Ingakusebenzela: Izibonelo Zamandla Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke
