Izintaba, amathafa namathafa

-Delile

• Izibonelo zezintaba
• Izibonelo zamathafa
• Izibonelo zamathafa

I- moutains, amathafa kanye ne- amathafa ziyizici ezivamile zesimo sendawo emhlabeni futhi ziveza amazinga ahlukahlukene kumazwekazi amahlanu. Zihlukaniswa ngokunye ukuphakama okufinyelelwe nangokwakheka okuthile kwazo ukukhululeka.

I-moutains Ziyindawo ephakeme yemvelo yomhlaba, ephakeme kune-700m maqondana nesisekelo sayo futhi ekwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngamabanga, izintaba noma izintaba-mlilo. Umsuka walokhu kuphakama kungenxa yemigoqo yoqweqwe lomhlaba ngenxa ye-tectonic dynamics, kamuva echazwe isenzo sangaphandle sesikhathi nokuguguleka komhlaba. Ngokubambisana, izintaba zihlala ku-24% we-lithosphere futhi zimboza ama-53% ezwekazi lase-Asia, i-58% yezwekazi laseMelika, i-25% yezwe laseYurophu, i-17% ye-Oceania ne-3% ye-Afrika. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-10% labantu lihlala ezintabeni futhi yonke imifula yomhlaba ivela kuyo.

AmathafaNgakolunye uhlangothi, noma amathafa, ziwuhlobo lokuhlangana phakathi kwezintaba namathafa. Akhiwe ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-500 ngenhla kogu lolwandle, angamathafa abanzi futhi aphakeme anomsuka wawo ekunyakazeni kwama-tectonic nezinqubo ezikhukhulayo ezintweni ezibuthakathaka, eziveza ithafa. Ezimweni eziningi kungenxa yokuvela kwamathafa entaba-mlilo angaphansi kwamanzi. Ama-Plateaus ngokuvamile anezimo zomhlaba ezahlukahlukene ezinikezwa amagama ahlukahlukene endawo, njenge-altiplano, i-butte, noma i-chapada.

AmathafaEkugcineni, ziyizindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba oyisicaba noma ezinokuncipha okuncane kakhulu, imvamisa ezansi kwezigodi, phezulu kwamathafa noma amathafa, noma olwandle, ngokuvamile azikaze zibe ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-200. Amathafa amaningi abalulekile ngokomnotho esintwini, ngoba kuzo izitshalo namadlelo zenzeka kusukela ukutholakala kobuso bawo kusiza ukuthuthwa kwabantu bakhona.

Izibonelo zezintaba

1. INtaba i-Éverest, eHimalaya. Intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke eMhlabeni, ebangeni elingamamitha angama-8848 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, isemngceleni ophakathi kweChina neNepal, futhi yakha isiqongo sezintaba kanye nezinye iziqongo ezingomakhelwane ezifana neLhotse (8516 m), iNuptse (7855 m) neChangtse (7580) m). Ukukhuphuka kungenye yezinselelo ezinkulu empilweni yabakhweli bezintaba abangochwepheshe futhi kwaze kwaba ngo-1960 lapho iqembu labaqali bezintaba baseChina lafinyelela khona phezulu esiqongweni salo esisenyakatho.
2. ICerro el Ávila National Park. Iphinde ibizwa ngeWaraira-repano, izwi layo lomdabu lasekuqaleni, futhi esenyakatho yedolobha laseVenezuela iCaracas, inhlokodolobha yezwe, le ntaba ihlukanisa idolobha noLwandle lweCaribbean nogu, ilizungeze futhi ibe wuphawu olubonakalayo idolobha. YiPaki kaZwelonke efakwe imizila yokuqwala izintaba ehlekisayo, kanye nezintaba ezihluka kusuka kumamitha ayi-120 kuye kwangama-2765 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
3. Aconcagua. Etholakala esifundazweni saseMendoza, e-Argentina, futhi eyingxenye yezintaba ezingaphambili ze-Andes, inokuphakama kwamamitha ayi-6,960.8 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle futhi iyisiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke eMelika, futhi iphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni ngemuva kwamaHimalaya. NgoJanuwari 1, 2000, kusukela esicongweni, umlingisi waseNtaliyane-wase-Argentina nentatheli uVictoria Manno wathumela umyalezo ebuntwini bokuthula, ubumbano kanye nokuvikela ababuthaka, okwaziwa nge- "Humanity Call for Attention".
4. Intaba-mlilo iChimborazo. Iyintaba ephakeme kakhulu nentaba-mlilo e-Ecuador, futhi iphuzu elikude kakhulu maphakathi nomhlaba elikhona, okungukuthi, eliseduze kakhulu nomkhathi ongaphandle, ngenxa yezici zobubanzi bomhlaba kulelo latitude. Ukuqhuma kwayo kokugcina kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwaba ngo-550 AD futhi kutholakala enkabeni ye-Andes, ibanga elingu-150 ukusuka enhlokodolobha yase-Ecuadorian. Ukuphakama kwayo ngaphezu kogu lolwandle kungu-6263.7 m. Mayelana nale ntaba, uSimón Bolívar wabhala idumela lakhe elidumile elithi "My delirium about Chimborazo".
5. AbaseHuascarán. Isithwathwa esinamaqhwa ama-Andes asePeru aneziqongo ezintathu: enyakatho (6655 masl), eningizimu (6768 masl) nasempumalanga (6354 masl). Ingqungquthela yaseningizimu iyindawo ephakeme kunazo zonke ePeru nasezindaweni eziphakathi kwamazwe aseNingizimu Melika, okuyenza intaba yesihlanu ephakeme kunazo zonke ezwenikazi futhi, ngenhlanhla, indawo esemhlabeni enokuheha okuncane okukhona.
6. ICotopaxi. Enye yezintaba-mlilo ezidume kakhulu e-Ecuador, inokuphakama kwamamitha angu-5 897 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle futhi ingenye yezindawo ezisebenza kakhulu emhlabeni. Itholakala kumakhilomitha angama-50 eningizimu ukusuka eQuito kanti ukuqhuma kwayo kokugcina okurekhodiwe kwaba ngo-1877. Igama layo, ngolimi lwendabuko, lisho ukuthi “Isihlalo Sobukhosi senyanga”.
7. IMont Blanc. Le "ntaba emhlophe" iyintaba egwadle ngamamitha ayi-4810 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, iphakeme kakhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi iyindawo ephakeme kakhulu yezintaba ze-Alps. Izungezwe izigodi ezinezinguzunga zeqhwa eziningi futhi iyingxenye yemfumba engaziwa, emngceleni ophakathi kwe-Italy neFrance. Kuyindawo evakashile enelungelo lokuhamba eqhweni, ukushibilika eqhweni nokuhamba izintaba, futhi kusukela ngo-1965 iye yadabulwa ngumhubhe ongu-11.6 km ubude weMont Blanc.
8. AbakwaKanchenjunga. Intaba yesithathu ephakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni, engamamitha angama-8586 ukuphakama, iphakeme kunazo zonke eNdiya futhi eyesibili eNepal. Ineziqongo ezinhlanu zokuphakama okufanayo, yingakho igama layo lihumusha ngokuthi "Amagugu ayisihlanu eqhwa", ngokwesiko elimelela izinqolobane ezingcwele zikaNkulunkulu: igolide, isiliva, amagugu, okusanhlamvu nezincwadi ezingcwele.
9. I-Kilimanjaro. Kutholakala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeTanzania futhi iqukethe izintaba-mlilo ezintathu ezingasebenzi: iShira (entshonalanga, amamitha angama-3962 ngenhla kogu lolwandle), iMawenzi (empumalanga, amamitha angu-5149 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle) neKibo (enkabeni, amamitha angama-5892 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle ), lezi zintaba zidume ngeqhwa lazo elingapheli, okuthi, maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, lehlise kakhulu ubukhulu. Ukuphakama kwayo kwafinyelelwa ngo-1889, kwaba yindawo ephakeme kunazo zonke e-Afrika. Kusukela ngo-1975 iyiPaki kaZwelonke,
10. INtaba iShinn. Le ntaba engaphezulu kwamamitha angama-4661 ukuphakama itholakala e-Antarctica, endaweni yamazwe omhlaba. Kutholwe ngonyaka we-1958 ngesikhathi sezindiza zokuhlola futhi kwaqanjwa ngegama likaLieutenant Commander uConrad S. Shin, owafika okokuqala eGeographic South Pole.

Izibonelo zamathafa

1. UJujuy Puna. Le ntaba ephakeme esenyakatho ye-Argentina, engxenyeni yezifundazwe zaseJujuy, eSalta naseCatamarca, iyingxenye yezindawo eziphakeme zase-Andes lapho iqhekeka khona ngenxa yochungechunge lwezintaba nokudangala. Ikhuphuka isuka cishe kumamitha angama-3700 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle iye kuma-3200.
2. I-Andean Altiplano. Yaziwa nangokuthi iMeseta del Titicaca noma iMeseta del Collao, ithafa eliphakeme kakhulu (amamitha angama-3800 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle) ezintabeni zase-Andes, ezingena phakathi kwengxenye yezindawo zaseBolivia, e-Argentina, eChile nasePeru. Kule ndawo kwavela imiphakathi yasendulo ehlukahlukene, njengeTiahuanaco futhi iyingxenye yesifunda esaziwa ngokuthi iPuna.
3. Auyantepuy. Igama layo ngolimi lwePemón lisho ukuthi "Intaba KaDeveli" futhi iyi-tepui enkulu kunazo zonke (ingamamitha angama-2535 ngaphezu kolwandle futhi ine-700 km² ebusweni) futhi odumile ovela eCanaima National Park eningizimu yeVenezuela. Ama-tepuis ayizintaba eziphakeme ngokuguquguqukayo nengaphakathi elingenalutho, ngaphakathi lapho kwenzeka khona i-ecosystem ngokungafani nendawo ezungezile, yingakho abhekwa njengamagugu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezishisayo. Impophoma enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, i-Angel Falls, nayo iwela ebusweni be-Auyantepuy.
4. IPuna de Atacama. Ithafa elisogwadule elingamamitha angu-4 500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle oluqhubeka ngaphezu kwendawo engama-80,000 km², emngceleni we-Argentina ne-Chile. Iwela ngezindawo eziphakeme ezahlukahlukene maqondana nethafa eliphakathi, lapho phakathi kwazo kunezintaba-mlilo eziningana. Inokukhululeka okuhlukahlukene nemifula eminingi, engafinyeleli kakhulu olwandle.
5. Ithafa LaseTibet. Eyaziwa njengeThebetan-Qinghai Plateau, iyindawo emile eyomile ehlala esifundeni esizimele saseTibet, kanye nengxenye yeNdiya neChina. Inendawo engama-1000km ububanzi ngama-2500 ubude, ekuphakameni okuphakathi kwamamitha ayi-4500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, yingakho ibhekwa njengendawo ephakeme kakhulu ekhona: "uphahla" lomhlaba.
6. Ithafa eliphakathi nendawo. Iningi leNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia (cishe ama-400,000 km²ISpanish itholakala kule ntaba engamamitha angu-600 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, okuyindawo endala yokusiza esifundeni. Ithambeka kancane ibheke oLwandle i-Atlantic futhi inesimo sezulu saseMedithera. Ihlukaniswe inyakatho naseningizimu yibanga lezintaba elibizwa ngeCentral System.
7. Brasilia Massif. Kanye nedwala laseGuiana, liyithafa elikhulu lamazwekazi, elinye lamadala kunawo wonke emhlabeni, kulaba abathathu abakha iNingizimu Melika (kanye nePatagonian massif). Njengoba itholakala enkabeni-mpumalanga yezwekazi, leli thafa linesimo sezulu esifudumele futhi esinomswakama, kanti imifula i-Amazon nePlata ihamba emigqeni yayo enamaphutha.
8. IGuiana Massif. Ebizwa nangokuthi yiGuiana Shield, iyithafa lasendulo ngokwedlulele elinabekela enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwekazi laseNingizimu Melika engxenyeni yendawo yaseVenezuela, eGuyana, eSuriname, eBrazil naseFrance Guyana. Imikhawulo yayo uMfula i-Orinoco ngasenyakatho, nehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon ngaseningizimu, njengesinye sezifunda ezinokuhlukahluka okukhulu kunakho konke emhlabeni.
9. I-Atherton Plateau. Ithafa elise-Australia, elinendawo engama-32,000 km² inikela ngokweqile ekusebenzeni kwemfuyo. Ngokuphakama okuphakathi kwamamitha ayi-600 kanye nama-900 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, inhlabathi yayo yentaba-mlilo nokunisela kweLake Tinaroo (okwenziwe umfula yiBarron River), yindawo evundile kakhulu enamadiski acebile.
10. I-Altiplano cundiboyacence. Ukumboza indawo engamakhilomitha angama-25,000² Ezingeni eliphakeme elingamamitha angu-2 600 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, idolobha laseBogotá, inhloko-dolobha yezwe, lisendaweni ephakemeyo yaseColombia.

Izibonelo zamathafa

1. Ithafa likaDōhamba. Lesi sikhukhula sasogwini sakhiwa isenzo semifula iShigenobu neIshte, esiqhingini saseJapan iShikoku. Inwebeka cishe ngamakhilomitha angama-20 empumalanga nentshonalanga ne-17 enyakatho-ningizimu, ehlala amadolobha aseMatsuyama naseToon.
2. Ithafa laseMpumalanga Yurophu. Eyaziwa nangokuthi ithafa laseRussia, ihlanganisa cishe amakhilomitha angama-4,000,000² Ngokwesilinganiso samamitha ayi-170 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, yakha iGreat European Plain, kanye nethafa laseNyakatho Yurophu, indawo ekhululeke kakhulu yezintaba esifundeni sonke. Kubandakanya izindawo zamazwe amaningi: iJalimane, iRussia, i-Estonia, iLatvia, iLithuania, iBelarus, i-Ukraine, iPoland, iMoldova kanye nengxenye yaseYurophu yeKazakhstan.
3. Ithafa laseNyakatho Yurophu. Enye ingxenye yeGreat European Plain, isukela oLwandle iBaltic naseNyakatho yolwandle iye ezinkangala zaseCentral Europe. Ukuphakama kwendawo yayo kwehluka phakathi kwamamitha ayi-0 kuye kwangama-200 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, kwabelwane ngalo phakathi kweBelgium, iHolland, iDenmark, iJalimane nePoland, kanye ne-Czech Republic yonke.
4. Isifunda sePampas. Ithafa elikhulu eliwela phakathi kwengxenye yezindawo zase-Argentina, i-Uruguay neBrazil. Ingesinye sezifunda ezivundile kakhulu emhlabeni, unikezwa ukunisela kwawo okuphezulu kwamanzi nokungabikho kwamahlathi. Igama layo livela egameni lesiQuechua elisho "ithafa eliphakathi kwezintaba."
5. USandur noma Isikhunta i-glacial. Lawa ngamathafa asezintabeni amaceba awo aqhamuka ekuncibilikeni kwezinguzunga zeqhwa emabhesheni ahlobene nesifunda. Imvamisa ziqukethe amatshe kanye nezinye izinto ezikhukhulwe ngamanzi ancibilikile, ngakho-ke zingafinyelela ku-100 m ubukhulu futhi zinwebeke ngamakhilomitha amaningi nxazonke. Isibonelo salokhu yiSkeiðarársandur e-Iceland.
6. Ithafa laseLelant. Ithafa elivundile esiqhingini saseGrisi i-Euboea, indawo ngekhulu lesi-8 BC. wezimpi zeLelantine zempahla yabo. Kwakunjalo ukuqashelwa kwayo ukuthi ngeNkathi Ephakathi kwakukhulunywa ngayo emibhalweni njengeLilanto, ithafa eliholela e-Attica.
7. Isifunda saseLlanos. Isendaweni esenkabeni yeVenezuela futhi ebaluleke kakhulu ngemfuyo nokubaluleka kwezolimo, lesi sifunda sabamba iqhaza elibalulekile kwezomnotho ezweni ngaphambi kokuqala kokusetshenziswa kukawoyela ngo-1917, lapho ukufuduka kwabantu basemaphandleni bekushiya kushiywe dengwane. Njengamanje yisifunda sasemaphandleni esinabantu abambalwa esidlulela ezifundazweni zaseGuárico nase-Apure (cishe amakhilomitha ayi-142,900²).
8. Amathafa ase-Abyssal. Kumbozwa u-40% waphansi kolwandle, lawa mathafa angaphansi kwamanzi atholakala ekujuleni okulingana noma okungaphansi kwamamitha angama-200, kusukela ogwini nasezindaweni ezinomsebenzi omncane welanga, ukutholakala okuphansi kwezakhamzimba kanye nengcindezi ephezulu, eyaziwa njengemisele yalasha. Yizindawo eziyisihluthulelo ezisemqoka zeplanethi futhi zimboza uqweqwe lwasolwandle.
9. Amathafa Amakhulu. Kutholakala eNyakatho Melika, ethafeni elibanzi neliphakeme eliwela phakathi kwezifunda zaseCoahuila (Mexico), Alberta, Saskatchewan naseManitoba (Canada) naseNew Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, Dakota South naseNyakatho Dakota (e-United States). Kuyisifunda sokuxhashazwa kwemfuyo nezolimo, esinothe ngama-hydrocarbon amaningi njengamalahle nowoyela, obhekana nesomiso esinamandla kanye neziphepho zesihlabathi njalo eminyakeni engama-25 noma ngaphezulu.
10. Ithafa laseKur-Araz. Kuyinto enkulu yokudangala endaweni yase-Azerbaijan echazwe yizigodi zemifula iKur ne-Aras, entshonalanga yoLwandle iCaspian nasenyakatho yezintaba zaseTalysh. Inwebeka ethafeni laseLenkoran kuya endaweni yase-Iran.

Ingakusebenzela:

• Izibonelo Zamahlathi
• Izibonelo Zamahlathi
• Izibonelo Zasehlane