Izibonelo Zokubasa Okumbiwa phansi - Encyclopedia

-Delile

Amalahle
Igesi yemvelo
Liquefied petroleum gas
Uphethiloli

I- izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi yilabo imvelaphi yabo eyaqala ebuningini bezinto eziphilayo (i-biomass) ezakhiqizwa izigidi zeminyaka eyedlule futhi zangcwatshwa ezingxenyeni zangaphakathi zenhlabathi, lapho ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa kanye nezinye izinqubo zamakhemikhali omzimba zayibeka ezinqubweni ezijulile zenguquko umphumela wazo, empeleni, izinto zokuqukethwe kwamandla amakhulu.

Bangakukhonza:

Izibonelo zamaHydrocarbon
Izibonelo Zezinsizakusebenza Ezingavuseleleka
Izibonelo Zezinsizakusebenza Ezingavuseleleki
Izibonelo Zezinkinga Zemvelo

Amafutha ezimbiwa phansi yimithombo yamandla Akuvuseleleki, ngoba okwamanje zisetshenziswa ngezinga elisheshayo kunalezo ezakheke zenziwa.

Amandla amaningi asetshenziswa emhlabeni namuhla avela ekushiseni kwalezi zinhlobo zezinto zokwakha, zombili ukukhiqiza ugesi nokuphakelayo izimboni amakhemikhali, afana nokusabalalisa izimoto, amakamelo okukhanyisa, ukupheka noma ukushisa amakhaya.

Ukusetshenziswa okunjalo komhlaba wonke kungenxa yokuthi kulula ukukhipha, i- izinqolobane zomhlaba eziningi ezikhona kanye nezindleko zayo kwezomnotho nobuchwepheshe obulula, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zamandla eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ezingenanzuzo kakhulu.

Kodwa-ke, ukushiswa kwamandla okubasa kukhiqiza amagesi anobuthi ngobuningi (i-carbon monoxide, amagesi anesulfure, ama-carcinogens, njll.) Futhi ungomunye wemithombo emikhulu ukulimala kwemvelo nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21.

Kunezinhlobo zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi ezine ezaziwayo:

Amalahle

Le minerali ingumphumela we sedimentation kwesitshalo sangaphambi komlando (Kulinganiselwa ukuthi isikhathi seCarboniferous, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-300 eyedlule) ezindaweni eziphansi zomoya-mpilo kanye nengcindezi ephezulu nokushisa.

Inqubo enjalo ye- ukufakwa kwamaminerali Ngokunothisa ikhabhoni, ikhiqiza okuqinile nge-coefficient yamandla aphezulu, esetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amandla nasembonini yezinto zokwakha (amapulasitiki, owoyela, udayi, njll.).

Kunezinhlobo ezine zamalahle eziyinhloko: i-peat, i-lignite, amalahle, ne-anthracite, ehlelwe lapha kusuka kokuqukethwe okuphansi kuya kakhulu kwekhabhoni. Lolu daba lubambe iqhaza elibalulekile kwiNguquko Yezimboni nasekwakhiweni kobuchwepheshe bomswakama, laze lashiywa yindawo yalo ngenxa kawoyela. Izinqolobane zamalahle ezinkulu kakhulu zise-US, Russia nase China.

Igesi yemvelo

Kuyinhlanganisela elula ye- ama-hydrocarbon igesi, ekhishwa kumadiphozi azimele (mahhala) noma kumafutha kawoyela noma wamalahle (ahlobene).

Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, kukhiqizwa ukubola kwe-anaerobic (ngaphandle kokuba khona komoya-mpilo) wento ephilayo futhi eyiyo ihlukaniswe ngezakhi zayo eziyinhloko nezisebenzisekayo, njenge-methane (ngaphezu kuka-90% wokuqukethwe kwayo, ngokuvamile), i-ethane (kufika ku-11%), i-propane (kufika ku-3.7%), i-butane (ngaphansi kuka-0.7%), kanye ne-nitrogen ne-carbon dioxide, phakathi kwezinye izinto amagesi, iminonjana yesibabule nokungcola.

I- izinqolobane ezinkulu zegesi yemvelo emhlabeni zitholakala eMiddle East (kuze kufike kuma-43% womhlaba jikelele, ikakhulukazi e-Iran naseQatar), futhi iba ngophethiloli onhlobonhlobo futhi ungcolisa kancane kunamanye amafutha ezimbiwa (ukukhishwa okungaphansi kwe-CO2₂), isetshenziswa kabanzi njengomthombo wamandla (ikakhulukazi i-Compressed Natural Gas ne-Liquefied Natural Gas) futhi njengomthombo wekhalori, emakhaya nasezimbonini kanye nezindlela zokuhamba.

Liquefied petroleum gas

I-LPG iyinhlanganisela ikakhulu ye-propane ne-butane, ekhona kugesi wemvelo noma ize ichithwe nakoyela ongahluziwe, onesici sokuba ingabhebheka kalula (iphenduke uketshezi).

Ziwumkhiqizo ovame ukwenziwa we-catalytic fractional distillation (noma i-FCC) kaphethiloli, osetshenziswa kakhulu njengophethiloli basekhaya, unikezwe amandla awo wekhalori nokuphepha okuhlobene, nasekutholakaleni kwama-olefini (alkenes) embonini yamaplastiki.

Uphethiloli

Lolu ketshezi olunamafutha, olumnyama noluminyene luyinhlanganisela yama-hydrocarbon ayinkimbinkimbi angenakunyibilika emanzini (amaparafini, ama-naphthenes nama-aromatics), akhiwe kumadamu okujula okuguquguqukayo (phakathi kwamamitha angama-600 kuye kwayi-5 000) ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi komhlaba.

Njengamanye amandla okubasa, kungumkhiqizo we- ukunqwabelana kwezinto eziphilayo (i-zooplankton ne-algae ikakhulukazi) ezansi kwamachibi nolwandle lwakudala lwangaphambi komlando, kamuva wangcwatshwa ngaphansi kwezinsika zezingcindezi emazingeni aphezulu nasekushiseni. Ngokunikezwa kobuningi bawo obuphansi kanye ne-porosity yamadwala asezintabeni, la ma-hydrocarbon akhuphukela phezulu noma abhajwe kumadiphozi kawoyela.

I- Uphethiloli Selokhu yasetshenziswa kusukela endulo yomuntu njengamafutha, i-pigment noma uphethiloli, kepha bekungekho kuze kube ngekhulu le-19 kanye ne-Industrial Revolution lapho kutholakala khona inani lazo lezimboni, liqhubeka nokuxhashazwa nokusetshenziswa kwalo ekukhiqizeni uphethiloli (uphethiloli, udizili, kaphalafini) ekusetshenzisweni kwezimoto noma ngogesi, futhi njengoba impahla eluhlaza embonini yamakhemikhali nezinto zokwakha.

Njengamanje imele omunye wemikhakha yezimboni nezezimali emaphakathi kakhulu emisebenzini yezomnotho yomhlaba, okuguquguquka kokukhiqiza nokukhangisa kwayo kuthinta ibhalansi yomhlaba womnotho wabantu.

Uhlu lwe Izakhi zePetroleum kukhulu kakhulu, kusuka kuma-polyesters nakuplastiki kuya kumagesi avuthayo neziphuzo, izincibilikisi, izingulube kanye ne-etcetera ende kakhulu.

Kodwa-ke, ukukhishwa nokusetshenziswa kwayo kubonisa inkinga enkulu yezemvelo ngenxa yokungenzi kwamanzi emanzini, okwenza kube nzima ukuyihlanza uma kuchitheka, futhi kunikezwe ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu kwezinto ezinobuthi okubandakanya ukushisa komlilo: ukuhola, i-carbon dioxide, i-monoxide yekhabhoni, i-sulfur oxides, i-nitrous oxides nezinye izinto eziyingozi empilweni nasekulinganisweni kwemvelo kweplanethi.