Izibonelo Zezilwane ezinokuphefumula kwesikhumba - Encyclopedia

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Ama-Annelids
Ama-Amphibians
Ama-Echinoderms
Izibonelo zokuphefumula kwesikhumba

I- ukuphefumula kuyinqubo izinto eziphilayo ezithola ngayo umoya-mpilo nokukhipha isikhutha. Lokhu kungena nokuphuma kubizwa ngokuthi ukushintshaniswa kwegesi. I-oxygen etholakala ngesikhathi sokuphefumula isetshenziswa ngumzimba wonke, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, i-carbon dioxide ikhishwa yizo zonke izitho nezicubu. Imetabolism yomzimba incike ekuphefumuleni.

Kunezilwane eziphefumula ngesikhumba. Kuhlelo ukuphefumula kwesikhumba, ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kwenzeka ngesikhumba. Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, kufanele kube mncane kakhulu, kuniselwe kahle ngaphakathi nangaphandle kugcinwe kunomswakama. Ngalesi sizathu, izilwane ezinalo mthamo zihlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama noma zasemanzini.

I- ukuphefumula kwesikhumba Kuqukethe ukusakazeka komoya-mpilo ngokusebenzisa i-integument, maqondana nemithambo yegazi engaphezulu. Ngokuphathelene nokuqedwa kwamagesi, igesi le-carbonic likhishwa emithanjeni yegazi nge-integument. I-oxygen elandwa yimithambo yegazi iyiswa kuzo zonke izitho zomzimba, lapho ihlangana khona namaseli bese yeqa ulwelwesi lweseli.

Ezinye izilwane eziphefumula ngesikhumba ama-annelids, ama-amphibians, nama-echinoderms:

Ama-Annelids

Ama-Annelids ayi-phylum yezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezi-protostomous, ezi-cylindrical, ezinokulingana kwamazwe womabili, ngaphandle kwamalungu nezitho ezithambile nezihlangene. Zihlukaniswe zaba:

Ama-polychaetes asolwandle: inani elikhulu lama-annelids ngama-polychaetes asolwandle.
Ama-oligochaetes asemhlabeni namanzi angenasawoti: uma esemanzini, amunca umoya-mpilo emanzini, kanti uma esemhlabeni awumunca emoyeni, kepha ahlala ehlala endaweni enomswakama.
IHirudíneos: angaba olwandle, lwasemhlabeni, i-arboreal noma, ikakhulukazi, amanzi ahlanzekile.

Ama-Amphibians

Ama-Amphibians ayisigaba sama-anamniotic, ama-vertebrate anemilenze emine (ama-tetrapods). Zilawula ukushisa kwazo kusuka ezingeni lokushisa elifanele, okungukuthi, ziyi-ectothermic.

Zihlukile kwamanye ama-vertebrate, zibhekana nokuguqulwa kwesimo ngesikhathi sokukhula kwazo. Imvamisa bahlanganisa ukuphefumula okunqamulelayo nokuphefumula kwe-gill (uma kuyizibungu) noma i-pulmonary (lapho sebekhulile).

Funda kabanzi: Izibonelo zama-amphibians.

Ama-Echinoderms

I- echinoderms ziyi-phylum yezilwane zasolwandle ezinama-deuterostomous ne-benthic. Zibizwa ngama-echinoderms ngoba anaso, kungaba ku-dermoskeleton (ukwakheka komzimba kungaphandle), noma emathanjeni angaphakathi, uchungechunge lwamapuleti (ama-ossicles alinganayo) azwakalayo. Zine-symmetry esabalalayo.

Funda kabanzi: Izibonelo zama-echinoderms.

Izibonelo zokuphefumula kwesikhumba

I-Starfish (echinoderm): Kunezinhlobo eziphakathi kuka-1,500 no-2 000 we-starfish (asteroids) emhlabeni. Zinezingalo (eziphakathi kuka-5 no-50) eziqhamuka maphakathi nomzimba, zishintshe kakhulu. Zitholakala kiwo woke amalwandle, eendaweni zombili ezibandayo kanye neendaweni ezishisako. Bathatha umoya-mpilo emanzini ngokusabalalisa.
Ixoxo: (amphibian) Kanye namasele, ayingxenye yama-anuran. Ahlukile kumasele ngoba anesikhumba esibushelelezi, ashesha ukushesha futhi anomzimba ohleleke kakhudlwana. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imilenze yabo mide futhi ilungele ukwenza ukweqa okusheshayo nokunemba. Zihlala njalo zisemanzini noma eduze. Zihamba ngokweqa. Ama-Anuran anokuphefumula kwe-gill lapho eyi-tadpoles ne-pulmonary lapho eba ngabantu abadala. Noma kunjalo, bahlanganisa lokhu kuphefumula nokuphefumula okusika.
I-sea urchin (echinoderm): Kunezinhlobo ezibalelwa ku-950 zalesi silwane esinesikhumba esinesikhumba esinezinwele, ezinomumo oyindilinga oyindilinga. Amapuleti e-calcareous akha igobolondo, lapho kuphakanyiswa khona izipikisi ezingamaselula ngokulandelana, okuvumela ukuba zihambe. Bahlala ngaphansi kolwandle. Ngenkathi izinongo eziningi ziphefumula ngezigilo, ezinye zazo zinokuphefumula kwesikhumba.
I-Earthworm: (oligochaete annelid): Kunezinhlobo eziphakathi kuka-4,000 no-6,000 wezinhlobo zemisundu. I-oksijeni iyancibilika kumfinyila obeka isikhumba sakho, bese usakazeka kumbalwa omncane. I-oxygen ithathwa ngama-capillaries bese iyiswa kumaseli. I-Carbon dioxide ishiya amaseli futhi ibuye ixoshwe ngama-capillaries.
AmaMollusk: AmaMollusk anezinhlungu kanye nesistimu yokuphefumula. Kodwa-ke, kwamanye ama-mollusks ama-gill ayashintshwa noma awekho, ngoba ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kwenzeka ebusweni bomzimba nengubo.
Leech: (hirudíneo annelido) Yisibungu esingu-0.5 kuye ku-46 cm ubude. Uhlala emifuleni yamanzi angenasawoti. Yondla igazi elikhipha ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, kufaka phakathi umuntu. Zisetshenziswe njengomuthi emlandweni wonke, futhi zisasetshenziswa nanamuhla ukususa ukuvuvukala nokulungisa ukususwa kwesifo. Ama-leeches awanalo uhlelo lokuphefumula oluhlukanisiwe, kepha ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kwenzeka nge-cuticle encane ebembozayo.
Toad: (amphibian) Njengoba sishilo, ingenye yama-anuran. Ahlukile kumasele ngokuba nobunzima futhi aqine ngokwengeziwe. Azihambi ngokugxuma kepha ngokuhamba (yize kukhona okuhlukile). Izindlala ezinobuthi zitholakala esikhunjeni sabo ezibavikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Njengamaxoxo, ahlanganisa ukuphefumula okunqamulelayo nokuphefumula okunqamulelayo ne-gill (uma kungojuba) kanye ne-pulmonary (lapho sebekhulile).

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