Isayensi Esizayo Yezesayensi Yezenhlalo

Ividiyo: WE AND THE DOCUMENTARY EXTRATERRESTRAL - SCIENCE-FICTION VS REALITY #2

-Delile

Yini amasayensi asizayo?
Isayensi Esizayo Yezesayensi Yezenhlalo
Uhlu Lwesayensi Esizayo ye-Cs. Komphakathi

Yini amasayensi asizayo?

Kuqondakala njengo isayensi esizayo noma iziyalo ezisizayo kulabo abathi, ngaphandle kokuzinikela ngokuphelele endaweni ethile yokufunda, baxhumana nayo futhi bayinike usizo, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwayo okungenzeka kufaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwendawo yokufunda.

Lezi zindlela ezisizayo zingavela emikhakheni ehluke ngokuphelele, njengakwisayensi yezinye izayensi, noma kungaba yimikhakha ezinhloso yayo ethize iyingxenye yobubanzi bezintshisekelo ezibhekiswe yisayensi esebenza njengomsizi.

Umehluko ukuthi esimweni sokuqala kunokubambisana phakathi kwesayensi, kanti kwesesibili kumayelana nemikhakha eyenzelwe ukuhlola imikhakha ethile yomkhakha wezifundo zesayensi ethile, esebenza njengezifundo ezingaphansi.

Njengoba isayensi yezenhlalo ingekho isayensi ngqo, kepha kunalokho sondela ezintweni abazifundayo ngombono wokuhumusha, imvamisa udweba iziyalo kanye nezicelo ezivela kweminye imikhakha yokufunda ezibavumela ukuthi basondele kwezabo ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene noma ngokunemba okukhulu nangokuqina. I-Transdisciplinarity akuyona into engavamile kulolu hlobo lwe- Isayensi.

Ngalo mqondo, abaningi babo baboleka amathuluzi wokucabanga ngaphandle kokusho ukuqala isiyalo esisha esixubekile, noma kunjalo Futhi akuvamile ukuthi lokhu kubavumele ukuthi benze inani elikhulu lamagatsha noma imikhakha engaphansi, njengasendabeni yoMlando, ukugxila kwayo ekuqondisweni kolunye uhlobo njengobuntu, noma omunye udade wesayensi yezenhlalo, kuveza ama-Histories ahlukahlukene Wezobuciko, Umthetho, njll.

Okulandelayo kubhekwe ngokwesayensi yezenhlalo ngokwesiko: Isayensi yezepolitiki, i-Anthropology, iSayensi yeLabhulali, umthetho, ezomnotho, ubudlelwano bamazwe omhlaba, i-Ethnography, i-Ethnology, i-Sociology, i-Criminology, i-Political Science, i-Linguistics, i-Psychology, i-Education, i-Archaeology, i-Demography, i-History, i-Human Ecology kanye IJografi.

Bhekafuthi: Yini amaSocial Sciences?

Uhlu Lwesayensi Esizayo ye-Cs. Komphakathi

Izibalo. Iningi Lezesayensi Yezenhlalakahle lisuselwe kumathuluzi wezibalo okusungula indlela yabo emiphakathini yabantu, ezinhlobonhlobo zomphakathi noma ngamacala emitholampilo (psychology). Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-actuarial science kubanikeza amathuluzi wokulinganisa abalulekile ekusekeleni imibono kanye nemibono ephathelene nomuntu.
Izincwadi. Ngaphandle kwesibonelo esisobala kakhulu se-History of Literature noma i-History of Art, imibhalo ivame ukusebenza njengomthombo wezindaba nezimpawu zemikhakha efana ne-psychoanalysis (i-Oedipus complex, isibonelo) noma i-psychology, ngoba Ekunotheni kwabo okungokomfanekiso nokwesayensi , ubuciko bokubhala bungumkhakha owusizo wokuqagela nokwakha izinto, amanani angasiwona awangaphandle kweSayensi Yezenhlalo.
Izibalo. Kwanele ukucabanga ngesibonelo samagrafu amele ukuthambekela noma imininingwane elandelanayo noma yezibalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi usizo lwezibalo luzihlinzeka kanjani kwiSayensi Yezenhlalo. Lokhu kusiza kakhulu kwezomnotho, lapho amafomula nezibalo kuvame ukudingeka ukuveza ubudlelwano bokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwezimpahla.
ukusebenzisa ikhompyutha. Kunosayensi abambalwa namuhla abalekela ukuqhuma kwesimanje kwenguquko kwezobuchwepheshe, ngakho-ke bambalwa abangenabo ubudlelwano obusondelene kakhulu nekhompyutha, njengomgqugquzeli wamathuluzi wokucubungula amagama, ukuphathwa kwedatha ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwesoftware ekhethekile, njengaku icala leJografi noma iLibrarianship.
Ukusebenza kwengqondo. Izindlela eziningi emiphakathini yabantu (isociology) noma kwi-psyche yabantu (psychology) zisebenzisa ukuxilongwa namathuluzi ezokwelapha okwelashwa kwengqondo, kanye nomthombo wohlaka lwethiyori lapho bangasekela khona imibono yabo.
I-Semiology. Isayensi yezincazelo iyithuluzi eliwusizo kumaSocial Sciences amaningi, njengeGeography, isibonelo, okunikeza ithuba lokucabanga ngendlela yokukhulelwa komhlaba kanye nezincazelo ezihambisana nawo. Eziningi zalezi sayensi zidinga ukuhlaziywa kwalolu hlobo ezindleleni zazo ezithile zokutadisha.
Ukuxhumana komphakathi. Inkulumo yabezindaba yinto efundwa njalo kusayensi yezenhlalo eminingi, evela kwiPsychology, Sociology, International Relations kanye neLinguistics. Ngalowo mqondo, amathuluzi amaningi abucayi we-Social Communication ayasebenziseka kubo.
Ifilosofi. Njengoba kukhona igatsha leFilosofi elibizwa ngokuthi: Ifilosofi yesayensi yezenhlalo, akunzima ukukhombisa ukubambisana phakathi kwesayensi yomcabango kanye nalokho okuthiwa yi "soft" sciences. Leli gatsha licwaninga izindlela kanye nengqondo ngemuva kwesethi yalezi sayensi inhloso yazo ukuxhumana phakathi komuntu nomphakathi.
I-Musicology. Ucwaningo oluhlelekile lomculo lolo lwenkambiso yezobuntu, kepha ukuzihlanganisa kwalo nomlando akukhona nje kuphela, kepha kuyakhiqiza: umlando womculo usetshenziswa njengerekhodi lezinhlobo ezithile zobuciko kanye nobudlelwano bendoda nezinto. , okufanekisa ukucabanga kwenkathi edlule. Yingakho kukhona imikhakha exubile efana ne-ethnomusicology.
Imyuziyamu. Isayensi yokuphathwa kwemnyuziyamu kanye nengqondo yayo yangaphakathi ayihlukile kuSayensi Yezenhlalakahle, lapho ithatha khona izinto zokubonisa nezomlando, ezenhlalo kanye nezisekelo ezibucayi ezingaqinisa ukwenziwa kwazo kobuciko. Ngasikhathi sinye, umnyuziyamu uhlinzeka ngeziSayensi zezeNhlalakahle njenge-Anthropology yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nendawo ephikisanayo abangazikhombisa ngayo emphakathini.
Umuthi. Ulwazi lwe-anatomical olunikezwa ngumuthi lulusizo emkhakheni weLinguistics and Psychology, futhi akuvamile ukuthi amanye amasayense ezenhlalo abheke izinto ezizosebenza ngazo ama-oda abantu ahlukile.
Ukuphatha. Njengoba lesi siyalo sifunda izindlela zenhlangano yabantu, kuyaqondakala ukuthi sisondelene kakhulu neSayensi Yezenhlalakahle, esivame ukufaka kuyo imibono yaso maqondana nokuqhutshwa kwamaqembu, imigomo yawo yokusebenza kanye nendlela ehlelekile yokubaluleka kweSayensi Yezombusazwe, ukusho isibonelo esisodwa nje.
ukwakheka komhlaba. Ukutadisha inhlabathi kungaba yithuluzi elibalulekile kubavubukuli, into yabo enkulu yokufunda ivame ukungcwatshwa isikhathi ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zenhlabathi ngakho-ke idinga uhlobo oluthile lokumba.
Ukumaketha. Lesi siyalo sifundisisa amandla wezimakethe ezahlukahlukene ezikhona zemakethe, ukukhangisa, umqondo ngemuva kohlelo lwabathengi; Konke lokhu kuwusizo olukhulu ezindleleni zezenhlalo, ezengqondo nezomnotho emiphakathini yethu, ngoba ukusetshenziswa nakho kuyindlela ephathelene nayo.
Umsebenzi wezenhlalakahle. Ngezindlela eziningi lesi siyalo ukusetshenziswa kwemiyalo yesayensi yezenhlalo njenge-anthropology, isociology kanye ne-psychology, uma kungenjalo isayensi nomthetho wezepolitiki. Ibhekene nokukhuthaza ushintsho kwezenhlalo nokungenelela ezifundweni zokuthuthukisa umphakathi wonkana.
Ukuhlelwa kwedolobha. Lesi siyalo senza ukutadisha kokuhlelwa kwamadolobha nezindawo ezisemadolobheni, futhi ngalowo mqondo kunikeza okhiye ababalulekile bezindlela eziningi zomlando, ezenhlalo, ezengqondo nezomnotho. Ezindaweni eziningi, empeleni, kuvotelwa ukubheka njengenye nje isayensi yezenhlalo.
Imfundiso yenkolo. Ukutadisha izinhlobo zezenkolo ezikhona noma cha kungahle kubonakale kukude nomkhakha wesayensi yezenhlalo, kepha akunjalo. I-anthropology, umlando kanye nabanye beqembu babona kulesi siyalo umthombo obalulekile wokufakwa kwemibhalo kanye nemibhalo esebenza, futhi, njengento yokufunda.
Izakhiwo. Njengokuhlelwa kwedolobha, lesi siyalo esizinikele kubuciko bokwakha indawo yokuhlala sinikela ngamathuluzi amaningi omqondo nemibono yenoveli kososayensi bezenhlalo abanentshisekelo endleleni yokuphila kwendoda yedolobha, ngisho nakwabavubukuli abanesithakazelo emanxiweni amadolobha asendulo .
Izilimi zesimanje. Njengoba lesi siyalo sizama ukuhlela ukufundwa kwezindlela zokuhumusha kusuka kolunye ulimi kuye kolunye, kanye nokuguquguquka kwayo kokufunda, kuyasiza ukukhulisa umkhakha wokutadisha imikhakha efana ne-Education noma i-Linguistics, eyenza ukufunda nokufunda. zokutadisha, ngokulandelana.
udokotela wezilwane. Ngendlela efanayo nasendabeni yezokwelapha, le sayensi inikezela ngamathuluzi okuhlolwa kwezilwane awusizo ngokukhethekile kwisayikholoji, ngoba izimfundiso zayo eziningi bezinentshisekelo ekuhlolweni kokuziphatha kwezilwane ukusungula imibono yazo ngobuhlakani noma ngokufunda.