Impi Yezwe Yesibili

-Delile

• Izimbangela zeMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba
• Imiphumela yeMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba

I- Impi Yezwe Yesibili kwakuwukungqubuzana kwezepolitiki nezempi embulungeni yonke okwenzeka phakathi 1939 nango-1945, lapho amazwe amaningi omhlaba ayebandakanyekile futhi amelela esinye sezenzakalo ezihlukumezayo nezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni nakwezamasiko zekhulu lama-20, uma kubhekwa isimo seTotal War (ukuzibophezela okuphelele kwezomnotho, kwezenhlalo nakwezempi) okucatshangwe zombili izinhlangothi ezithintekayo.

Ukungqubuzana kwabiza izimpilo zabantu abaphakathi kwezigidi ezingama-50 nezingama-70, zombili izakhamuzi nezempi, okuyizigidi ezingama-26 ezazingaphansi kwe-USSR (futhi yizigidi eziyi-9 kuphela ezazingamasosha). Icala elithile lakhiwa izigidi zabantu ababulawa emakamu okuhlushwa nokubhujiswa, ngaphansi kwezimo zobuntu ezingaphansi kobuntu noma ngisho nokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha nokwamakhemikhali, njengamaJuda acishe abe yizigidi eziyisithupha aqedwa ngokuhlelekile ngumbuso waseJalimane weSocialist. Lesi sakamuva sabizwa ngokuthi ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe.

Kulokhu kumele kungezwe ukufa okuningi okubangelwe yimiphumela yezomnotho yongxabano emhlabeni jikeleleNjengendlala eseBangal eyadlula nemiphefumulo yamaNdiya acishe abe yizigidi ezi-4, futhi evame ukunganakwa ngomlando osemthethweni wale mpi, inani labo lokufa eliphelele elingaba ngabantu abayizigidi eziyi-100.

Izinhlangothi ezibhekane nazo ngesikhathi sempi zazimbili: the Amazwe ahlangene, eholwa iFrance, iNgilandi, i-United States neSoviet Union; kanye ne- Amandla e-eksisi, eholwa yiJalimane, i-Italy neFrance. Lawa mazwe akamuva akha i-axis ebizwa nge-Berlin-Rome-Tokyo..

Izimbangela zeMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba

Izimbangela zengxabano ziyahlukahluka futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi, kepha zingafingqwa ngokuthi:

1. Imibandela Yesivumelwano SaseVersailles. Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kwafakwa isivumelwano sokuzinikela esingenamibandela ngamagama acindezelayo, esavimbela isizwe esasicekele phansi ukuthi singabi namabutho futhi, saphinde salawula amakoloni aso ase-Afrika, futhi safaka nesikweletu esingenakunqotshwa eMelika. Lokhu kudale ukwaliwa okwasakazeka kabanzi kanye nombono wokuthi isizwe sigwazwe emhlane futhi sasingaphansi kwamandla aphesheya njenge-USSR.

1. Ukuvela kuka-Adolf Hitler nabanye abaholi abanekhono. Laba baholi bezepolitiki babazi ukuthi bangazuza kanjani ngokunganeliseki okudumile futhi bakhe izinhlangano ezinamandla zobuzwe, inhloso yazo enkulu kwakuwukutholwa kobukhulu bezwe obudlule ngokulwa nemikhakha yezenhlalo ebanzi, ukunwetshwa kwezindawo zikazwelonke nokusungulwa kohulumeni bobushiqela (iqembu elihlukile). Lokhu kunjalo ngeGerman National Socialist Workers Party (Nazi), noma iFascio yase-Italy eholwa nguBenito Mussolini.

1. Ukudangala Okukhulu kweminyaka yama-1930. Le nkinga yezimali yamazwe omhlaba, ethinte kakhulu amazwe aseYurophu ahlaselwa yiMpi Enkulu (iMpi Yezwe I), yenze ukuthi kube nzima ukuthi amazwe acindezelekile akwazi ukumelana nokwanda kobuNazi nokuwohloka kombuso wentando yeningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yaphoqelela abantu baseYurophu ukuba babe sesimweni sokuphelelwa yithemba esasisiza ukuvela kweziphakamiso ezinqala.

1. Impi Yombango WaseSpain (1936-1939). Ingxabano yaseSpain eyayichitha igazi lapho umbuso waseJalimane weSocialist wangenela khona uxhasa amasosha amakhosi kaFrancisco Franco, ekwephuleni ngokusobala izivumelwano zamazwe omhlaba zokungangeneleli, ngasikhathi sinye kwaba njengobufakazi bento esanda kusungulwa Luftwaffe IsiJalimane (ezokundiza ngezindiza), nanjengobufakazi bokuba namahloni kwamazwe ahlangene, okuhlehlise ukungqubuzana obekuseceleni komkhawulo wokungenzi lutho futhi okusakhuthaza isibindi saseJalimane.

1. Ukungezwani kweSino-Japan. Ngemuva kwezimpi zokuqala zeSino-Japan (1894-1895), ukungezwani phakathi kwamandla akhulayo ase-Japan aseJapan kanye nomakhelwane bayo ababencintisana njengeChina ne-USSR kwakungapheli. Umbuso kaHiro Hito wasizakala ngo-1932 isimo sobuthakathaka lapho iMpi Yombango phakathi kwamakhomanisi kanye namaRiphabhuliki yayishiye iChina, ukuqala iMpi Yesibili YamaSino NamaJapan futhi yathatha iManchuria. Lokhu bekuzoba ukuqala kokunwetshwa kweJapan (ikakhulukazi e-Asia Minor), okuzoholela ekuqhunyisweni kwamabhomu esikhumulweni saseNyakatho Melika iPearl Harbor nokungena ngokusemthethweni kwe-United States empini.

1. Ukuhlasela kweJalimane kwePoland. Ngemuva kokuhlanganisa ama-Austria namaSudeten amaJalimane ngokuthula eCzechoslovakia, uhulumeni waseJalimane wasungula isivumelwano ne-USSR sokuhlukanisa indawo yasePoland. Naphezu kokuphikisana kwezempi okwenziwa yilesi sizwe esiseMpumalanga Yurophu, amasosha aseJalimane awuxhumanisa noMbuso WaseGerman III owawusanda kuqala ngoSepthemba 1, 1939, okwenza ukuba impi yaseFrance ne-United Kingdom imenyezelwe ngokusemthethweni, ngaleyo ndlela yaqala impi.

Imiphumela yeMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba

Ngenkathi yonke impi iba nemiphumela emibi kwisibalo samazwe abandakanyekayo, lawo eMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba ayethusa kakhulu futhi ebaluleke ngokomlando:

1. Cishe ukubhujiswa okuphelele kweYurophu. Ukuqhuma okukhulu nokucekela phansi kwamadolobha aseYurophu ngazo zombili izinhlangothi, njengowokuqala umagazine IJalimane (blitzkrieg) yelula ukulawula i-eksisi engxenyeni yomhlaba, futhi ngemuva kokuthi abalingani bayo bekhulule insimu, kwakusho ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwepaki yasemadolobheni yaseYurophu, okwathi kamuva kwadinga izimali ezinkulu zezomnotho ukwakhiwa kwayo kancane kancane. Omunye wale mithombo yezomnotho yilokho okwakuthiwa yiMarshall Plan eyaphakanyiswa yiMelika.

1. Ukuqala kwe-bipolar world landscape. Impi Yesibili Yomhlaba yashiya imibuso yaseYurophu, bobabili i-Allied ne-Axis, yaba buthakathaka kangangokuthi iqembu lezombusazwe lomhlaba ladlulela ezandleni zombuso omkhulu omusha olwa: i-United States neSoviet Union. Bobabili baqala ngokushesha ukubangisana ngomthelela wezinhlelo zabo zikahulumeni, ongxiwankulu kanye nobukhomanisi ngokulandelana, kuwo wonke amazwe, ngaleyo ndlela kwaqala iMpi Yomshoshaphansi.

1. Isigaba saseJalimane. Ukulawulwa kwamazwe ahlangene phezu kwendawo yaseJalimane kwakungenxa yokwehlukaniswa kwemibono phakathi kwe-United States kanye nabalingani baseYurophu, ne-USSR. Ngakho-ke, izwe lahlukaniswa kancane kancane laba yizizwe ezimbili ezihluke ngokuphelele: iGerman Federal Republic, ongxiwankulu nangaphansi kokulawulwa yiYurophu, kanye neGerman Democratic Republic, ikhomanisi nangaphansi kokuphathwa kweSoviet. Lesi sigaba sasidume kabi edolobheni laseBerlin, lapho kwakhiwa khona udonga lokuhlukanisa lezi zingxenye ezimbili nokuvimbela ukubalekela kwezakhamizi emkhandlwini wobukhomanisi kuya kongxiwankulu, kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba usuku lokuhlangana kabusha kweJalimane ngo-1991.

1. Ukuqala kokwesaba kwempi ye-athomu. Ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-athomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki ngamasosha ase-US, inhlekelele eyadala ukuzinikela okungenamibandela kweJapan ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, nakho kwaveza ukwesaba kwempi ye-athomu eyayizobalula iMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Lesi sibhicongo sizoba, kanye nengozi yaseChernobyl ngo-1986, inhlekelele enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu ehilela amandla e-athomu.

1. Ukuqala kwefilosofi yokuphelelwa yithemba kwaseYurophu. Imibuzo ephindaphindwayo phakathi neminyaka enzima yangemva kwempi yizihlakaniphi zaseYurophu maqondana nokuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukungqubuzana kobukhulu obunesihluku obunje nobuntu. Lokhu kwaholela ekuzalweni kwefilosofi yokukhohliswa nokungabi nathemba, okwaphonsela inselelo inkolelo ye-positivist ekuboneni nasekuqhubekeni.

1. Izimpi zakamuva. Isikhala samandla esashiywa ukuphela kwempi saholela ekuxabaneni phakathi kweFrance namakholoni amaningi ase-Asia, okwakukhona iminyakazo enamandla yokuzihlukanisa. Kwabuye kwaqubuka izimpi zombango eGrisi naseTurkey ngezizathu ezifanayo.

1. I-oda lomhlaba nezomthetho elisha lomhlaba wonke. Ngemuva kokuphela kwempi, i-United Nations (UN) yadalelwa ukubambela iNhlangano Yezizwe ekhona, futhi yanikezwa umsebenzi wokugwema izingxabano zesikhathi esizayo ezinjengalezi, ukubheja ngeziteshi zamanxusa kanye nobulungiswa bamazwe omhlaba.

1. Ukuqala kokuqeda umbuso. Ukulahleka kwamandla nezombusazwe zaseYurophu kwaholela ekulahlekelweni kwamandla emakoloni ayo eMhlabeni Wesithathu, ngaleyo ndlela kwavumela ukuqala kwezinqubo eziningi zokuzibusa kanye nokuphela kokubusa komhlaba waseYurophu.