-Delile
I- I-French Revolution Kwakuyinhlangano enkulu yezepolitiki neyenhlalo eyenzeka eFrance ngo-1798 futhi lokho kwaholela ekuphelelweni kobukhosi obungenamkhawulo kulelo zwe, kwasungulwa uhulumeni waseRiphabhulikhi onenkululeko esikhundleni sakhe.
Beholwa yisiqubulo esithi "inkululeko, ukulingana, ubuzalwane" izakhamizi zaphikisana futhi zaketula amandla ombuso, zalalela igunya lobukhosi futhi ngokwenza njalo zadlulisela emhlabeni isibonakaliso sekusasa elizayo: lentando yeningi, ele-republican , ekutheni amalungelo ayisisekelo abo bonke abantu enziwa abonakale.
I-French Revolution ithathwa cishe yizo zonke izazi-mlando njengomcimbi wezenhlalo nezepolitiki okhomba ukuqala kweYurophu yangaleso sikhathi eYurophu. Kwakuwumcimbi owashaqisa umhlaba wonke futhi wasabalalisa imibono yezinguquko yokuKhanyiselwa kuwo wonke amakhona.
Izimbangela Zenguquko YaseFrance
Izimbangela ze-French Revolution ziqala ukuntuleka kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ubuphofu obukhulu nokungalingani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho okwakukhona eFrance ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaLouis XVI noMarie Antoinette. Kanye neBandla nabefundisi, ubukhosi babusa ngamandla angenamkhawulo, njengoba izihlalo esihlalweni sobukhosi zazimenyezelwa nguNkulunkulu uqobo. Inkosi yathatha izinqumo ezingacabangi nezingaqondakali, yakha intela entsha, yalahla impahla yezihloko, yamemezela impi nokusayina ukuthula, njll.
Lokhu kungalingani okukhulu kwamadoda phambi komthetho, okuthi noma bekufana, kugunyaze abacebile nabampofu ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, ngendlela efanayo nokulawula okuphelele kwenkosi phezu kwenkululeko yokukhuluma ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuvimbela, kugcine iningi labantu lihlala likhathele futhi lingajabule. Uma sengeza kulokho inani lamalungelo ezenhlalakahle nezomnotho abasebukhosini nabefundisi abawajabulela ngokulimaza abantu, kuyaqondakala ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuqubuka babeyizinto ezithandwa kakhulu.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kubantu baseFrance abayizigidi ezingama-23 ngaleso sikhathi, bangu-300 000 kuphela ababengabakulezi zigaba ezibusayo ezijabulela wonke amalungelo. Okunye bekungokwabantu "abavamile", ngaphandle kwabanye abathengisi nonxiwankulu abanamahloni.
Imiphumela ye-French Revolution
Imiphumela ye-French Revolution inzima futhi inokufinyelela emhlabeni wonke okusakhunjulwa nanamuhla.
- I-feudal oda yaphela. Ngokuqeda ubukhosi kanye namalungelo abefundisi, abavukeli baseFrance babhekana nokushayisana okungokomthetho embusweni waseYurophu nasemhlabeni jikelele, behlwanyela imbewu yoshintsho emazweni amaningi nasezifundeni. Ngenkathi amanye amazwe aseYurophu ecabanga ngokwethuka ukunqunywa kwamakhosi aseFrance, kwezinye izindawo, njengase-Hispanic America, amakoloni azodla leyo mfundiso futhi emva kweminyaka ezoqala amaRevolutions of Independence aboMqhele waseSpain.
- IRiphabhlikhi yaseFrance iyamenyezelwa. Ukuvela kohlelo olusha lwezepolitiki nezenhlalo kuzoguqula unomphela ubudlelwane bezomnotho namandla eFrance. Lokhu kuzobandakanya izikhathi ezahlukahlukene zezinguquko, ezinye ezinegazi kunezinye, futhi ekugcineni kuzoholela ekuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene kwenhlangano edumile, nokho, ezongena ezweni ezinxushunxushwini. Esigabeni sokuqala, empeleni, kufanele babhekane nempi nomakhelwane babo basePrussia, ababefuna ukubuyisela inkosi esihlalweni sayo sobukhosi ngenkani.
- Ukusatshalaliswa okusha komsebenzi kuyenziwa. Ukuphela komphakathi wombuso kuzoguqula indlela yokukhiqiza amaFrance futhi kuzovumela ukwethulwa kwemithetho yokuphakelwa kanye nokufunwa, kanye nokungangeneleli kombuso ezindabeni zezomnotho. Lokhu kuzokwenza umphakathi omusha ovulekile, uvikeleke ngokwezepolitiki ngokubalwa kwabantu.
- Amalungelo abantu amenyezelwa okokuqala. Isiqubulo samemeza ngesikhathi sokuqala kweRevolution, "Inkululeko, ukulingana, ubuzalwane noma ukufa", kwaveza ngesikhathi sePhalamende Likazwelonke Isimemezelo sokuqala Samalungelo Abantu Esizwe, okuyisandulela nogqozi Amalungelo abantu zesikhathi sethu. Ngokokuqala ngqa, amalungelo alinganayo abekwa umthetho kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathalekile ukuthi bavelaphi emphakathini, inkolelo yabo noma uhlanga lwabo. Izigqila zakhululwa kwathi ijele lezikweletu laqedwa.
- Izindima ezintsha zomphakathi zifakiwe. Yize kwakungeyona inguquko yabesifazane, yanikeza abesifazane indima ehlukile, esebenza kakhulu ekwakheni uhlelo olusha lomphakathi, kanye nokuqedwa kwe-mayorazgo namanye amasiko amaningi obukhosi. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi kusungulwe kabusha izisekelo zenqubo yezenhlalo nezomnotho, okwakusho nokususwa kwamalungelo abefundisi, ukuthatha impahla yeSonto kanye nezicebi ezicebile.
- Onxiwankulu baqala ukubusa e-Europe. Abathengisi, onxiwankulu abasafufusa okwathi kamuva kwaqala iNguquko Yezimboni, baqala ukuthatha indawo engenamuntu yezicukuthwane njengesigaba esibusayo, esivikelwe ukuqongelelwa kwemali hhayi umhlaba, imvelaphi enhle noma ukusondelana noNkulunkulu. Lokhu kuzodala ukuthi ushintsho eYurophu lube sesimanjemanje, phakathi neminyaka ezayo lapho imibuso yamakhosi iqala ukwehla kancane.
- Umthethosisekelo wokuqala waseFrance umenyezelwe. Lo mthethosisekelo, isiqinisekiso samalungelo atholwe umbutho wezinguquko futhi owakhombisa umoya wokukhululeka kwezomnotho nasemphakathini wenhlangano entsha yezwe, uzosebenza njengesibonelo kanye nesisekelo semithethosisekelo yangomuso yamaRiphabhulikhi omhlaba.
- Kumenyezelwa ukwahlukana phakathi kweSonto noMbuso. Lokhu kwehlukana kubalulekile ekungeneni kwesimanjemanje seNtshonalanga, ngoba kuvumela ipolitiki engenayo inkolo. Lokhu kwenzeke ngokudliwa kwempahla yeSonto nabefundisi, ukuncishiswa kwamandla abo kwezenhlalo nakwezombusazwe, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu kudluliselwa eMbusweni wezindawo zokuqasha eziqoqwe iSonto kubantu ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi yomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, abapristi babezothola umholo ovela kuHulumeni njenganoma isiphi isikhulu. Amasimu nezimpahla zeSonto kanye nezicukuthwane zathengiselwa abalimi abacebile kanye nonxiwankulu, okuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwabo kwiRevolution.
- Kwabekwa ikhalenda elisha nezinsuku ezintsha zikazwelonke. Lolu shintsho belufuna ukuqeda konke okusele kohlelo lwangaphambilini lwamakhosi, lwathola ubudlelwano obusha obungokomfanekiso nobenhlalo obabungaphawulwa yinkolo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwakhiwe isiko lamaRiphabhulikhi lamaFrance.
- Ukuphakama kukaNapoleon Bonaparte njengoMbusi. Okunye okuxakile ngeNguquko YaseFrance ukuthi yagcina iphethe ngokubusa kwamakhosi futhi. Ngokukhishwa kombuso okwaziwa ngeBrumaire 18, uGeneral Napoleon Bonaparte, ebuya eGibhithe, uzothatha izintambo zesizwe enhlekeleleni yezenhlalo, ngemuva kwezikhathi zokushushiswa okunegazi okwenziwa ezandleni zamaJacobins. Lo Mbuso omusha kaNapoleon wawuzoqala ukubonakala njengephabhulikhi kepha izinqubo eziphelele futhi uzokwethula iFrance ukunqoba umhlaba. Ngemuva kochungechunge lwezimpi, umbuso wawuzophela ngo-1815 ngokulahleka kweMpi yaseWaterloo (eBelgium) ibhekene nebutho lobumbano laseYurophu.
