-Delile
Njengawo wonke amazwe aseLatin America, Ukuzimela kweMexico Kwakha inqubo ende yomlando, ezepolitiki nezenhlalo ezaqeda izingalo ukuphatha iSpain phezu kwalesi sizwe sezwekazi laseMelika.
Kusho inqubo Kwaqala ngokuhlasela kweFrance koMbuso waseSpain ngo-1808, lapho kwasuswa khona iNkosi uFernando VII. Lokhu kwenza buthakathaka ubukhona boMbuso WaseSpain emakoloni futhi kwasetshenziswa izikhulu zaseMelika ezazikhanyiselwe ukumemezela ukungalaleli kwazo inkosi ebekiwe, ngaleyo ndlela bathatha izinyathelo zokuqala zokuzibusa.
Esimweni saseMexico, isenzo sokuqala sobala sokuzimela ngokusobala sasibizwa ngalokho "IGrito de Dolores", kaSepthemba 16, 1810, Kwenzeka esifundeni saseDolores esifundeni saseGuanajuato, lapho umpristi uMiguel Hidalgo y Costilla, kanye noMnumzane uJuan Allende noJuan Aldama, beshaya izinsimbi zesonto futhi bakhuluma nebandla ukuthi lifune ukungazi nokungalaleli kwegunya lomthetho laseNew ISpain.
Lesi senzo sandulelwa ukuvukela kwamasosha ngo-1808 kuViceroy José de Iturrigaray, owamemezela igunya lapho ingekho inkosi esemthethweni; Kepha noma i-coup d'état inqatshiwe nabaholi beboshiwe, umsindo wokuzimela usabalale waya emadolobheni ahlukahlukene e-Viceroyalty, wenza ukuthi izimfuno zabo zenziwe nse njengoba babencishwe umoya futhi beshushiswa. Ngakho-ke, befuna ukubuya kukaFernando VII, izihlubuki zaya ezimfunweni ezijulile zomphakathi, njengokuqedwa kobugqila.
Ngo-1810, isihlubuki uJosé María Morelos y Pavón wabizela izifundazwe ezizimele kwiCongress of Anáhuac, lapho zizohlinzeka khona inhlangano yenkululeko ngohlaka lwayo lwezomthetho. Le nhlangano ehlomile yehliswe yaba yimpi yabashokobezi cishe nge-1820 futhi yacishe yahlakazeka, kuze kumenyezelwe uMthethosisekelo waseCádiz ngawo lowo nyaka kwacasula isikhundla sezikhulu zasendaweni, owabe esekela uViceroy kuze kube yileso sikhathi.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, abefundisi nezicukuthwane zaseNew Spain bazoyeseka ngokusobala imbangela yenkululeko futhi, beholwa ngu-Agustín de Iturbide noVicente Guerrero, abahlanganisa imizamo yokulwa namavukelambuso ngaphansi kwesibhengezo esifanayo ku-Plan of Iguala yango-1821. Ngawo lowo nyaka, inkululeko yaseMexico yayizophela., ngokungena kweTrigarante Army eMexico City ngoSepthemba 27.
Izimbangela zenkululeko yaseMexico
- Ukufakwa kukaFerdinand VII. Njengoba sishilo phambilini, ukuthathwa kweSpain ngamasosha kaNapoleon kanye nokubekwa esihlalweni sobukhosi somfowabo kaNapoleon, uJosé Bonaparte, kwadala ukunganeliseki emakoloni aseMelika, okwakudala engagculisekile ngemikhawulo yezentengiselwano eyayibekwe yidolobha elikhulu, wabona ithuba lokuthi phikisana ngokusobala noMqhele waseSpain.
- Ukucindezelwa kohlelo lwezigaba. Ukuxabana njalo kwamaCreoles, ama-mestizo namaSpain eNew Spain, kanye nosizi uhlelo lwezigaba olwalubeka phansi abomdabu kanye nabalimi, kanye nengcindezelo yamakhulu amathathu aseYurophu, kwakuyindawo ekahle yokuzalela izifiso. kanye nesifiso sokushintsha kwezenhlalo okwashukumisela imizamo yokuqala yezinguquko.
- Izinguquko zeBourbon. Umbuso waseSpain, yize wawunezindawo eziningi zamakholoni aseMelika, awuziphathanga kahle izinsizakusebenza zawo futhi ulahlekelwe yingcebo enkulu yoMhlaba Omusha ekudluliseni amaminerali nezinsizakusebenza eYurophu. Ukufuna ukwenza la malungiselelo abe sesimanjemanje futhi bazuze kakhulu emnothweni waseNew Spain, kukhuthazwe uchungechunge lwezinguquko ekuphathweni kwekoloni ngekhulu le-18, elizoqhubekisela phambili impilo empofu yaseMelika futhi lithinte ngqo umnotho wabantu abakhulu bendawo.
- Ubuzwe beCreole nemibono ekhanyisiwe yaseFrance. Njengoba babefundiswe eParis, izikhulu zaseCreole zazilalela izinkulumo zabalingisi be-Enlightenment, ezazivela ku-French Revolution. Kulokhu kufanele kungezwe umzabalazo wemibono phakathi kwamaCreole aseMexico, owakhuphula ubuqotho ngaphezu kobuqotho obusemadolobheni amakhulu, kanye nokuhlonishwa kwamapheninsula ezindaweni zaseMelika.Lokhu kuthanda izwe laseCreole kudlale indima ebalulekile ekusabalaliseni imibono yenkululeko.
- Ukuzimela kweMelika. Omakhelwane abaseduze base-United States, abazimela ngaphandle koMbuso WaseBrithani ngokusemthethweni ngo-1783, amaCreoles aseNew Spain abona kule mpikiswano isibonelo sokulandelwa, esikhuthazwa ukunqoba kwemibono Yokukhanyiselwa phezu kwesiko lakudala laseYurophu.
Imiphumela yenkululeko yaseMexico
- Ukuphela kokuqala kwekoloni nokuqala koMbuso WaseMexico. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi nanye yeMpi Yenkululeko, ukuzimela okuphelele kweNew Spain kusuka enhlokodolobha yenhlonipho kwafinyelelwa, okwakungeke kuyivume obala kuze kube ngu-1836. Umzabalazo wenkululeko waqhubeka noMbuso Wokuqala WaseMexico, umbuso wamaKatolika owathatha iminyaka emibili nje kuphela, bethi insimu yabo ngeyabo i-Viceroyalty eseyaphela manje yaseNew Spain, futhi bememezela u-Agustín de Iturbide njengombusi. Ngo-1823, phakathi kwezingxabano zangaphakathi, iMexico yahlukana neCentral America futhi yamemezela njengeRiphabhulikhi ezimele.
- Ukuqedwa kobugqila, intela kanye nephepha elivalwe. Inguquko kwinkululeko yabona ithuba ngo-1810 lokumemezela, ngokusebenzisa i- Isimemezelo esimelene nobugqila, amagalofu nephepha elivalwe wenhloko yebutho lamavukelambuso, uMiguel Hidalgo y Costilla, inhloso yokuqeda umbuso wezigqila zenhlalo, kanye nezintela ezinikezwe abakwa-mestizo nabantu bomdabu, ukwenqatshelwa komsebenzi wokuqhuma kwezibhamu nokusetshenziswa kwephepha eligxiviziwe emabhizinisini.
- Ukuphela komphakathi we-caste. Ukuphela kombuso wamakhosi, owahlukanisa phakathi kwabantu ngombala wesikhumba sabo kanye nemvelaphi yabo yohlanga, kwavumela ukuqala kwemizabalazo yokuziphindiselela yomphakathi wokulingana ngaphambi komthetho kanye namathuba amaningi alungile kubantu abancane abacindezelwe.
- Impi phakathi kweMexico ne-United States. Ubuthakathaka bemibuso emisha kahulumeni ozimele waseMexico wayengazi ukuthi angabhekana kanjani nezifiso zokunwetshwa kwe-United States, izimangalo zayo zokunxeshezelwa ngokubhujiswa okwenzeka eTexas (eyayizibonakalise izimele ngo-1836 ngosizo lwaseMelika) ngesikhathi Impi Yenkululeko, eyaholwa ngo-1846 ekulweni okufana nempi phakathi kwala mazwe womabili: i-American Intervention eMexico. Lapho, labo abazibonakalisa njengabahlanganyeli beMexico ezimele ngokungenamahloni beba inyakatho yendawo yabo: iTexas, California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado ne-Utah.
- Ukukhungatheka kwamathemba okwabelana ngengcebo. NjengamaRiphabhulikhi amaningi aseMelika asanda kuvela, isithembiso sokwabiwa kwezomnotho ngokulingana kanye namathuba ezenhlalo alinganayo sakhungathekiswa ukunothiswa kwezikhulu zasendaweni, ezayeka ukuziphendulela eSpain kepha zafuna ukugcina isimo esithile esinenhlanhla njengabaqhubi bomphakathi wasemva kwamakoloni. Lokhu kuzoholela ekuxabaneni kwangaphakathi nezingxabano zangaphakathi eminyakeni ezayo.
