20 Izibonelo Zento Eyonakalisayo - Encyclopedia

Ividiyo: THE SIMPSONS TAPPED OUT BUT WE ARE IN

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Izibonelo zezinto ezonakalisayo
Ingakusiza

I- izinto ezonakalisayo Yibo labo abakwaziyo ukucekela phansi noma ukulimaza okungenakuphindeka lezo zindawo abahlangana nazo.

Izinto ezonakalisayo ziyingozi izidalwa eziphilayo, ingadala ukucasuka noma ukusha ezicutshini zesikhumba, zamehlo, zomgudu wokuphefumula noma umgudu wamathumbu ongaholela ekufeni. Lezi zinhlobo zezigameko zaziwa njengokusha kwamakhemikhali.

Lezi zinhlobo zezinto zokwakha kufanele zisetshenziswe nemishini efanele yokuvikela: amagilavu, okokugqoka, izifihla-buso zobuso. Ezindaweni lapho lifakwe khona noma liqukethwe, ngokuya ngemithetho yamazwe omhlaba, cacisa nge isithonjana esivamile sokugqwala.

Ngokuvamile, izinto ezonakalisayo une-pH eyeqile, okungukuthi, ngokweqile i-acidic noma eyisisekelo, yize futhi zingaba yizinto ezine-oxidizing kakhulu noma zenye imvelo. Ukuthintana nama-organic matter acid khuthaza i-lipid hydrolysis noma i-denaturation ye- amaprotheni, futhi okuholela ekukhiqizweni kwekhalori okunomphumela ohlangene oholela ekubhujisweni okungenakulungiswa kwezicubu. Izisekelo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zomisa izinto eziphilayo ngendlela eyeqisayo.

Izibonelo zezinto ezonakalisayo

I-Hydrochloric acid. Ngefomula HCl, futhi yaziwa nangokuthi i- i-muriatic acid noma ukufakwaKuvamile ukuwukhipha usawoti wasolwandle, noma ukuwukhiqiza ngesikhathi kusha amapulasitiki athile. Iyonakalisa kakhulu futhi ine-pH engaphansi kuka-1, yingakho isetshenziswa njenge-solvent, njenge-solvent yezimboni noma njenge-catalyst ekukhiqizeni ezinye izinto zamakhemikhali.
I-nitric acid. Kwefomula HNO₃, luwuketshezi olubukeka luvame ukusetshenziswa njenge-reagent elabhoratri, njengoba luyingxenye yezakhi ezakha iTrinitrotoluene (TNT) noma umanyolo ohlukahlukene onjenge-ammonium nitrate. Ingatholakala futhi ichitheka emvuleni ye-asidi, eyaziwa isimo semvelo umphumela wokungcola kwamanzi.
I-Sulfuric acid. Ifomula yalo nguH₂SW₄ futhi ungomunye wemikhiqizo ebanzi kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ngoba uvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthola umanyolo, noma ukuhlanganisa ama-acid, ama-sulfate noma imboni ye-petrochemical. Kuyasiza futhi ku- umkhakha wezinsimbi nokwenziwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo ze amabhethri.
I-formic acid. Yaziwa njenge-methanoic acid nefomula CH₂NOMA₂, iyona elula kunazo zonke i-organic acid, evame ukufihlwa izinambuzane ezifana nentuthwane ebomvu (IFormica rufa) noma izinyosi njengendlela yokuvikela enobuthi. Iphinde ikhiqizwe izimbabazane, noma imvula ene-asidi ngenxa yokungcola komkhathi. Ngamanani amancane kungadala ukucasuka okuncane, kepha yize kunemvelaphi yemvelo kuyi-asidi enamandla.
I-acetic acid egxilile. Igama le-methylcarboxyl acid noma i-ethanoic acid nefomula yamakhemikhali C₂H₄NOMA₂, yi-asidi kaviniga, oyinikeza ukunambitheka kwayo okumuncu nephunga. Iphinde ibe yi-organic acid, njenge-formic acid, kepha ibuthakathaka kakhulu ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuhlukahlukene futhi akunangozi. Noma kunjalo, ekugxileni okuphezulu kakhulu kungaba yingozi empilweni.
I-zinc chloride. I-Zinc chloride (iZnCl₂) kuyinto okuqinile okucishe kube mhlophe namakristalu, ancibilike kakhulu emanzini, asetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yendwangu futhi njengesihoxo elabhoratri. Ayinabo ubuthi ikakhulukazi, kepha lapho kukhona amanzi iphendula ngokuxakile (ngisho nomoya osemoyeni) futhi ingonakalisa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kwi-cellulose nakusilika.
I-aluminium chloride. Kwefomula i-AlCl₃, Kumayelana ne- kwakwakhe enezinto ezine-asidi nezisisekelo ngasikhathi sinye, kuya ngokuthi ihlanjululwa kanjani. Uyimpofu umqhubi kagesi futhi inephuzu lokuncibilika eliphansi nephuzu elibilayo, yingakho lisetshenziswa ezinkambisweni zamakhemikhali njengesikhuthazo sokuphendula, ekulondolozweni kwezinkuni noma ekuqhekekeni kukawoyela. Ukuvezwa kwalesi sakhi kuyingozi enkulu emzimbeni, futhi kungashiya i-sequelae unomphela ngesikhathi esifushane sokuchayeka nangokunakwa ngokushesha.
Boron trifluoride. Ifomula yayo i-BF₃ futhi iyigesi enobuthi engenambala eyenza amafu amhlophe emoyeni oswakeme. Ihlala isetshenziswa elabhoratri njenge i-lewis acid nasekutholweni kwamanye amakhemikhali nge-boron. Iyinsimbi eqinile kakhulu, engadla insimbi engagqwali lapho kukhona umswakama.
I-sodium hydroxide. I-Caustic soda noma i-caustic soda, ene-formula i-NaOH, iyisisekelo se-desiccant esikhona njenge-white crystalline ne-solid solid, okuchithwa kwayo emanzini noma i-asidi kukhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu. Isetshenziswa kumaphesenti acishe abe msulwa embonini yephepha, yendwangu kanye neyokuhlanza, kanye nasembonini kawoyela.
I-potassium hydroxide. Eyaziwa njenge-potash ebabayo futhi nefomula yamakhemikhali i-KOH, iyinhlanganisela ye-desiccant inorganic, ene-corrosivity yayo yemvelo esetshenziswa kuzicelo njenge-grease saponifier (ekukhiqizeni insipho). Ukuchithwa kwayo emanzini kuyakhathaza, okungukuthi, kukhiqiza amandla okushisa.
Sodium hydride. Ngefomula NaH, kuyinto encibilika kabi kakhulu enombala osobala, ohlukaniswe njenge- isisekelo iqinile njengoba ikwazi ukukhipha ama-acid ahlukahlukene elebhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyi-desiccant enamandla, ngoba igcina inani elikhulu le-hydrogen, iyenza ibe yingozi kakhulu futhi isetshenziswe njenge-solvent.
I-Dimethyl sulfate. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, le nhlanganisela yefomula yamakhemikhali uC₂H₆NOMA₄I-S inguketshezi olungenambala, olunamafutha, olunephunga elincane le-anyanisi, elibhalwe njenge-alkylator eqinile. Inobuthi obuningi: i-carcinogenic, i-mutagenic, i-corrosive futhi inobuthi, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuzinqubo ze-methylation yaselebhu kuvame ukushintshwa ngamanye ama-reagents aphephile. Kuyingozi futhi kuyingozi emvelweni, yingakho sekuvame ukubhekwa njengesikhali samakhemikhali esingenzeka.
Phenol (carbolic acid). Ifomula lamakhemikhali C₆H₆Noma namanye amagama ahlukile, le nhlanganisela esezingeni layo elihlanzekile iyisihlakala esimhlophe noma esingenambala esingamakhemikhali, esingahlanganiswa namachibi we-benzene. Ifunwa kakhulu embonini ye-resin, kanye nasekwakhiweni kwenayiloni, kepha futhi njengengxenye yamafungicides, ama-antiseptics kanye nezibulala-magciwane. Iyasha kalula futhi idle kalula.
I-Acetyl chloride. Ebizwa nangokuthi i-ethanoyl chloride, iyi-halide etholakala ku-ethanoic acid, okushisa ekamelweni nasekucindezelekeni okungenambala. Iyinhlanganisela engekho emvelweni, ngoba lapho kukhona amanzi ibola ibe yi-ethanoic acid ne-hydrochloric acid. Isetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-colorant, i-disinfectant, i-insecticide futhi njenge-anesthetic, naphezu kokulimaza ngokuphendula.
I-sodium hypochlorite. Waziwa ngo i-bleach Lapho ichithwa emanzini, le nhlanganisela enefomula yamakhemikhali i-NaClO iyisixhumi esinamandla futhi iyasebenza kakhulu nge-chlorine, ngaleyo ndlela yakha amagesi anobuthi obulalayo. Isetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-bleach, i-purifier ye-water kanye ne-disinfectant, ngoba ekugxileni okuthile inamandla okuqeda izinto eziphilayo lapho zithintwa.
I-Benzyl Chloroformate. Luwuketshezi olunamafutha olunephunga elingathandeki elingahle lisukele kokungenambala kuze kube phuzi futhi linefomula yamakhemikhali uC₈H₇ClO₂. Kuyingozi emvelweni nasezilwaneni zasemanzini, iba yi-phosphogen lapho ishiswa bese iba nomlilo omkhulu. I-carcinogenic futhi idla kakhulu.
Izinsimbi ze-alkali eziyisisekelo. Noma iyiphi insimbi ye-alkali ekwethulweni kwayo okumsulwa noma okuyisisekelo, njenge-lithium (Li), i-potassium (K), i-rubidium (i-Rb), i-cesium (i-Cs) noma i-Francium (i-Fr), iphendula ngokushesha okukhulu nge-oxygen namanzi, ngakho-ke ayikaze kubonakala emvelweni esimweni sabo sokuqala. Kuzona zombili lezi zimo zisabela ngodlame, zikhiqize ukushisa okuningi, yingakho zingacasula noma zibangele futhi zibe yingozi empilweni.
I-phosphorus pentoxide. Waziwa ngo i-phosphorus oxide (V) noma i-phosphoric oxide, yimpuphu emhlophe yefomula yamangqamuzana P₂NOMA₅. Ukuba ngokweqile i-hygroscopic (desiccant), inezici ezonakalisayo kakhulu futhi ukuxhumana kwaso kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo nomzimba kufanele kugwenywe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncibilika kwawo emanzini kukhiqiza i-asidi enamandla esabela lapho kukhona izinsimbi, okwenza amagesi anobuthi futhi avuthe kalula.
I-calcium oxide. Shayela ubhabha nangefomula yamakhemikhali i-CaO, yinto ekade isetshenziswa isintu, etholwe edwaleni le-limestone. Inezinsiza ekwakhiweni nakwezolimo, ngoba ayinabo ubuthi noma iyonakalisa, kepha uma ixutshwe namanzi iyaphendula ngokuxakile, ngakho-ke ingacasula umgudu wokuphefumula, isikhumba noma idale ukulimala kwamehlo okukhulu.
I-ammonia egxilile. Imvamisa i-ammonia, igesi engenambala nephunga elinyanyekayo elenziwe nge-nitrogen (NH₃), ikhiqizwa ngezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zemvelo eziqeda imvelo ngenxa yobuthi bayo. Eqinisweni, itholakala emchameni womuntu. Kodwa-ke, iningi lokugxila kwalo likhipha amagesi abhubhisayo ayingozi kakhulu emvelweni, ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezinjenge-ammonia anhydride.