Izibonelo Zamahlathi

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Izibonelo zamahlathi
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Kuyaqondakala ihlathi, kanye ne- by ihlathi noma nge ihlathi lemvula elishisayo, indawo enotshani obuningi enamaqabunga abanzi, anamaqabunga, umbhede ovaliwe, futhi imvamisa amazinga amaningi ezinto ezahlukahlukene ezingaphansi (okungukuthi, “izitezi” eziningana noma “amazinga” ohlaza).

I- amahlathi bajwayele ukusingatha inani elikhulu le-biomass (okubili kokuthathu emhlabeni wonke) futhi zenzeka ezifundeni zemvula eningi futhi eningi, nenhlabathi enothile ngezinto eziphilayo kanye nezimo ezifudumele ezijwayelekile zomugqa wasentabeni.

Akunasisekelo esibekiwe sokuhlukanisa phakathi kwamahlathi emvula, amahlathi kanye namahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo, kepha kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuqoka izandiso eziminyene nezingangeneki, ngokungafani namahlathi apholile anebanga elide phakathi kwezihlahla.

Amahlathi abhekwa njenganamuhla indawo enkulu yezinto eziphilayo ongayithola, ngethemba lokuhlinzeka, phakathi kwezinhlobo zayo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane ezizotholakala, ezinye ezizosivumela ukuba sithuthuke emithini nasemithini yokwelapha.

I-Amazon. Yihlathi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, elinamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi eziyisithupha obuso, asatshalaliswa emazweni ayisishiyagalolunye: iBrazil, iPeru, iBolivia, iColombia, iVenezuela, iSuriname, iGuyana, i-Ecuador neFrench Guyana. Kungenzeka kube yi-ecoregion yezinto eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi emhlabeni futhi yamenyezelwa ngonyaka we-2011 njengesinye sezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zemvelo emhlabeni.

Ipulaki ye-Darien. Leli yigama elinikezwe indawo yehlathi ekhombisa ukwahlukana phakathi kweColombia nePanama, kanye naphakathi kweNingizimu Melika neCentral America. Igama layo kungenxa yokuthi iPan-American Highway ehlanganisa amazwe amaningi ezwekazi iphazamisekile lapho, futhi ayikho eminye imizila yomhlaba yokuwela uhlaza.

Ihlathi lemvula elisentabeni yasentshonalanga neGuinea. Leli hlathi elingaphezu kwama-200,000 km² isuka eGuinea naseSierra Leone iye eLiberia, iye eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Ivory Coast. Zimbalwa izifunda zase-Afrika ezinomswakama njengalokhu, isikhathi sonyaka owomile esifushane kodwa esinamandla. Njengalo lonke ihlathi laseGuinea, isimo salo sokongiwa kwemvelo sibucayi.

Ihlathi le-montane laseGuinea. 31,000 km² yamahlathi emvula ahlakazekile ochungechungeni lwezintaba iGuinea, i-Ivory Coast, iLiberia neSierra Leone bahlala kulesi sifunda saseNtshonalanga Afrika. Yize ibaluleke kakhulu i-biotic, akunakwenzeka ukubala isimo sayo sokongiwa ngenxa yezimpi zombango eziqhubekayo ezihlasele lesi sifunda.

Ihlathi laseCongo. Inwebeka ngomcengezi woMfula iCongo nemifula yawo, leli hlathi lemvula lase-Afrika lihlanganisa indawo enkulu yensimu, kufaka nezindawo zaseGabon, i-Equatorial Guinea, iRiphabhlikhi yaseCongo, iCameroon neCentral African Republic. Ihlathi lesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni (700,000 km²) kanye iqukethe ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobonhlobo okubanzi nokunothile esimweni samanje sokuba sengozini ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukwakhiwa nokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho.

I-Central Jungle yasePeru. Leli hlathi lithatha u-10% wensimu yaleli lizwe elishiwoyo, futhi lixhashazwa ezitshalweni zekhofi nezikawocoa, imikhiqizo ebalulekile yokuthekelisa yasePeru, yize imiphetho yobubha kubantu besifunda ibalulekile.

Ihlathi lemvula laseNigeria. Ihlathi umbrophilic (imvula iningi lonyaka) cishe ngamakhilomitha angama-67,300² ukunwebeka phakathi kweNigeria neBenin, njengamanje kusengozini enkulu, ngezinhlobo ezinhlanu ezivamile zezilwane ezincelisayo ezisengozini ngezindawo eziningi ezinabantu abaningi nezisedolobheni.

Ihlathi lezithunywa zevangeli. Kuthatha u-35% wensimu yesifundazwe saseMisiones, enyakatho ye-Argentina, leli hlathi eliswakeme kakhulu nelinelanga lingenye yezindawo eziheha izivakashi kule ndawo, ezisemngceleni weBrazil ne-Argentina. Inwebeka ezigodini eziphansi kakhulu nasezintabeni kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-850 ngaphezulu kogu lolwandle.

AmaYungas. Okuvamile ohlangothini olusempumalanga lwezintaba zase-Andes, ama-yungas amahlathi asezintabeni noma amahlathi asezintabeni, amafu, imvula namahlathi ase-Andean asezindaweni ezishisayo. Zisuka enyakatho yePeru ziye eBolivia nasenyakatho ne-Argentina, futhi ziqukethe iqhaza elibalulekile le-biotic okwehlukahluka kwezinhlobo zaseNingizimu Melika.

UTaman Negara. Yigama lePaki kaZwelonke nendawo yokuqala evikelekile yaseMalaysia, Lingelinye lamahlathi emvula amadala kakhulu emhlabeni, aneminyaka elinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-130 ubudala. Okwamanje ingesinye sezivakashi eziphambili zalesi sizwe sase-Asia.

Ihlathi laseNew Guinea. Ihlathi lesithathu elinezinto eziphilayo eziningi emhlabeni futhi elinye lamahlathi amakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni, isesiqhingini saseNueva Guinea, ithatha u-85% wendawo yonke yesiqhingi, cishe ama-668,000 km². Kubhekwa njengokungenelelwe okuncane emhlabeni futhi kunezinyathelo ezintathu zehlathi: ezishisayo, ezenkabazwe futhi ezinamafu.

Ihlathi lasezintabeni i-Usambara. Itholakala eTanzania futhi iyingxenye ye-Eastern African Mountain Arch, ihlathi elidala futhi lasendulo elishisayo lidlulela phezu kwezintaba zase-Usambara. ubukhona obuqinile bezinhlobo eziphilayo, ngenxa yezimo ezithile zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Njengamanje isengozini enkulu yemvelo, ngenxa yokugawulwa ngokungakhethi, kanye nezinhlelo eziningi zomhlaba wonke zifuna ngokushesha ukulungisa umonakalo owenziwe.

IMonteverde Cloud Forest. Njengoba ikhethwe njengenye yezimangaliso zabavakashi ezi-7 zaseCosta Rica, ihlathi elishisayo elibaluleke kakhulu kwezemvelo, kusukela iphethe u-5% wezinhlobo zezinyoni zomhlaba, u-6.5% wamalulwane, u-3% wezimvemvane no-3% wama-fern.

Amahlathi emvula angaphansi komhlaba aseMadagascar. Litholakala enkabeni yethafa elisesiqhingini sase-Afrika iMadagascar, leli hlathi lemvula elinamakhilomitha acishe abe ngu-200,000² ithola imimoya yokuhweba enomswakama egcina indawo ekahle yohlaza lwayo olumnandi. Njengamanje, noma kunjalo, isongelwa ukukhula kwe-Antananarivo, inhloko-dolobha yesizwe, kanye nomkhuba okhulayo wokutshala okushintshayo.

Ihlathi leLacandon. Futhi ibizwa nge- "Desert of Solitude", itholakala eChiapas, eMexico, ngasemngceleni neGuatemala, isifunda lapho kuhlala khona abantu baseLacandón Mayan. Iqukethe cishe amahektha angama-960,000 amahlathi emvula, futhi uthole okuningi okwaziwayo ngeminyaka yama-90s ngokuvela kweZapatista Army of National Liberation.

Ihlathi leBorneo. Kutholakala esiqhingini esinegama elifanayo, ithatha indawo enkulu yayo, ukuhlala kakhulu kungathintwanga nokungahloliwe. Esifubeni sayo, kunezinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo ezintsha ezingaphezu kuka-400 ezitholakele kusukela ngo-1994, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukugawulwa kwemithi nokushiswa, kanye nesitshalo esisodwa sesundu sokukhiqiza uwoyela, kugcina ihlathi lisengozini.

Ihlathi lasePetén. Itholakala eGuatemala, emkhakheni osenyakatho womnyango ongaziwa, okuhlala kuwo cishe i-30%. Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1990s, i-UNESCO isihlanganyele noMbuso waseGuatemala ukulondoloza i-biosphere ecebile equkethe.

Ihlathi laseValdivian. Cishe i-400,000 km² obukhulu, itholakala esifundeni somngcele waseChile ne-Argentina. Kuyihlathi lemvula elipholile, yize phambilini lalibizwa kanjalo ihlathi, Okwamanje igama elithandwayo lezimila zasezindaweni ezishisayo. Kodwa-ke, leli gama lisasetshenziselwa ezokuvakasha nezinhloso zokukhangisa.

Ihlathi laseMpumalanga laseGuinea. Kutholakala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Ivory Coast naseGhana, kanye naseTogo naseBenin, kulihlathi lamahlathi elingu-184,000 km². Yize kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinkawu, izilwane ezihuquzelayo nezilwane eziphila ezweni, leli hlathi lemvula lisengozini enkulu, unikezwe ukugawulwa kwemithi nokuzingela ngokungakhethi, umkhiqizo wokusetshenziswa kwezolimo nokuthunyelwa kwezinkuni ezilukhuni kwamanye amazwe.

Ihlathi elinomswakama eFarallones de Cali. Ngokubambisana nehlathi elishisayo, ihlathi lamafu ne-paramo, ihlathi elinomswakama lihlanganisa izindawo zemvelo zaleli dwala entshonalanga yeColombia. Njengoba kunezihlahla ezingafika kumamitha angama-40 ukuphakama, leli hlathi lilondoloza isimo sezulu esifanele semifula ehlukahlukene enikezela ugesi emadolobheni aseValle del Cauca.