Izibonelo ezingama-molecule we-Organic and Inorganic - Encyclopedia

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Ama-molecule we-organic
Ama-molecule angaphili
Izibonelo zama-molecule ephilayo
Izibonelo zama-molecule angaphili

I-Chemistry yehlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili ze ama-molecule kwalolu daba, ngokusho kwe- uhlobo lwama-athomu okuyizimbumba: ama-molecule ephilayo futhi ama-molecule angaphili.

Umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwazo zombili izinhlobo zezinhlayiya (naphakathi kwezinto ezakhiwe yibo) usekelwe, ngaphezu kwanoma yini, lapho kukhona ama-athomu wekhabhoni (C) akha ama-covalent bond namanye ama-athomu wekhabhoni noma nama-athomu e-hydrogen (H), kanye nezinye izinto ezivamile ezifana ne-oxygen (O), i-nitrogen (N), iSulfure (i-S), i-Phosphorus (P) nezinye eziningi.

Ama-molecule analesi sakhiwo esisekwe kukhabhoni aziwa njengama-molecule ephilayo futhi zibalulekile empilweni njengoba sazi.

Buka: Amakhemikhali we-Organic and Inorganic

Ama-molecule we-organic

Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zezinto eziphilayo ezabo ukuvutha, leyo bangasha futhi balahlekelwe noma bashintshe ukwakheka kwabo kwasekuqaleni, njengoba kunjalo ngama-hydrocarbon akha i- izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinto eziphilayo, ngokuya ngemvelaphi yazo:

Ama-molecule wemvelo. Lokho kuhlelwe ngu izidalwa eziphilayo futhi lokho kuyizakhi zokwakha eziyisisekelo zokusebenza nokukhula kwemizimba yabo. Baziwa ngokuthi ama-biomolecule.
Ama-molecule wokufakelwa. Imvelaphi yabo bayithole esandleni somuntu, ngoba abekho emvelweni kanjalo. Lokhu kunjalo ngamapulasitiki, isibonelo.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kabanzi kunezinhlobo ezine kuphela zama-molecule ephilayo akha umzimba wezidalwa eziphilayo: amaprotheni, lipids, ama-carbohydrate, ama-nucleotide nama-molecule amancane.

Ama-molecule angaphili

I- ama-molecule angaphili, Okwesibili, Azisuselwa kukhabhoni, kepha ezinye izinto ezahlukahlukene, yingakho imvelaphi yabo ibangelwe amandla angaphandle kokuphila, njengesenzo se-electromagnetism kanye nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zenuzi ezivumela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Izibopho ze-athomu kulolu hlobo lwe-molecule zingaba i-ionic (i-electrovalent) noma i-covalent, kepha umphumela wayo awukaze ube yi-molecule ephilayo.

Umugqa ohlukanisayo phakathi kwama-molecule we-organic ne -organic uvame ukubuzwa futhi uthathwe njengokuphikisana, ngoba izinto eziningi ezingaphili zine-carbon ne-hydrogen. Noma kunjalo, umthetho omisiwe uphakamisa lokho wonke ama-molecule ephilayo asuselwa kukhabhoni, kodwa akuwona wonke ama-molecule e-carbon angokwemvelo.

Bhekafuthi: I-Organic and Inorganic Matter

Izibonelo zama-molecule ephilayo

Ishukela (C₆H₁₂NOMA₆). Obunye boshukela abakhulu (ama-carbohydrate) abasebenza njengesisekelo sokwakhiwa kwama-polymer ahlukahlukene (amandla okubekelwa amandla noma umsebenzi wesakhiwo), nasekucutshungulweni kwawo kwamakhemikhali, izilwane zithola amandla azo (ukuphefumula).
I-cellulose (C₆H₁₀NOMA₅). I-Biopolymer ibalulekile empilweni yezitshalo kanye ne-biomolecule egcwele kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngaphandle kwayo, bekungeke kwenzeke ukwakha udonga lweseli lwamaseli ezitshalo, ngakho-ke iyi-molecule enemisebenzi yokwakha engenakuguqulwa.
UFructose (C₆H₁₂NOMA₆). Ushukela monosaccharide ezikhona ezithelweni, emifinweni nasezinyosi, inefomula efanayo kodwa isakhiwo esihlukile se-glucose (yi-isomer yayo). Kanye neyokugcina, yakha i-sucrose noma ushukela ojwayelekile wetafula.
I-formic acid (CH₂NOMA₂). I-acid elula kunazo zonke ekhona, esetshenziswa izintuthwane nezinyosi njengezicasula izindlela zazo zokuzivikela. Iphinde ifihlwe ngezimbabazane nezinye izitshalo ezihlabayo, futhi iyingxenye yezakhi ezihlanganisa uju.
IMethane (CH₄). I- i-hydrocarbon I-alkane elula kunazo zonke, ifomu layo elinegesi alinambala, alinamakha futhi akunakunyibilika emanzini. Ingxenye enkulu yegesi yemvelo kanye nomkhiqizo ojwayelekile wezinqubo zokugaya izilwane.
Collagen Iphrotheni edingekayo ekwakheni imicu, ejwayelekile kuzo zonke izilwane futhi eyakha amathambo, imisipha nesikhumba, okunezela kuma-25% wamaprotheni esewonke omzimba wezilwane ezincelisayo.
I-Benzene (C₆H₆). I-hydrocarbon enamakha yakhiwe ngama-athomu ayisithupha ekhabhoni ku-hexagon ephelele futhi exhunywe yi-hydrogen bond, iwuketshezi olungenambala olunephunga elimnandi elikwazi ukutsha. Yaziwa njengemolekyuli eyisisekelo yawo wonke ama-organic chemistry, ngoba iyindawo yokuqala ekwakhiweni kwezinto eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi eziphilayo.
I-DNA. I-Deoxyribonucleic acid iyi-polymot ye-nucleotide kanye ne-molecule eyisisekelo yezinto zofuzo zezidalwa eziphilayo, ezinemiyalo evumela ukuphindaphindeka kwazo zonke izinto ezidingekayo ekudalweni kwayo, ekusebenzeni nasekuvezeni ekugcineni. Ngaphandle kwazo, bekungeke kwenzeke ukudluliselwa ngofuzo.
I-RNA. I-Ribonucleic acid ingenye i-molecule ebalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwamaprotheni nezinto ezakha izidalwa eziphilayo. Yenziwe ngochungechunge lwama-ribonucleotides, ithembela kwi-DNA ekwenzeni nokwenziwa kabusha kwekhodi yezofuzo, ukhiye ekuhlukanisweni kwamaseli nakumthethosisekelo wazo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Cholesterol. I-Lipid ekhona ezicutshini zomzimba kanye ne-plasma yegazi le okunomgogodla, kubalulekile kumthethosisekelo we-plasma ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana, yize amazinga aphezulu kakhulu egazini angaholela ezinkingeni ekuhambeni kwegazi.

Izibonelo zama-molecule angaphili

I-Carbon Monoxide (CO). Yize iqukethe i-carbon eyodwa ne-athomu eyodwa yomoya-mpilo, iyimolekyuli engaphili kanye no ukungcola kwemvelo okunobuthi obedlulele, okungukuthi, kobukhona abuhambisani neningi lezidalwa eziphilayo ezaziwayo.
Amanzi (H₂NOMA). Yize amanzi ebalulekile empilweni futhi mhlawumbe engelinye lama-molecule aziwa kakhulu futhi egcwele, amanzi awavamile. Iyakwazi ukuqukethe izidalwa eziphilayo ngaphakathi kwayo, njengezinhlanzi, futhi ingaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, kepha ayiphili kahle.
I-ammonia (NH₃). Igesi engenambala enephunga elinyanyekayo, ubukhona bayo ezintweni eziphilayo inobuthi futhi iyabulala, yize kungumphumela wezinqubo eziningi zebhayoloji. Yingakho ikhishwa emzimbeni wayo, emchameni, isibonelo.
I-sodium chloride (NaCl). I-molecule kasawoti ovamile, oncibilikayo emanzini futhi okhona ezintweni eziphilayo, eziwugwinya ngokudla kwazo bese ulahla okweqile ngezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokusebenzisa umzimba.
I-calcium oxide (CaO). Eyaziwa njenge-lime noma i-quicklime, ivela emadwaleni e-limestone futhi sekuyisikhathi eside isetshenziswa emlandweni emsebenzini wokwakha noma ekwenziweni umlilo wesiGreek.
I-Ozone (O₃). Into ikhona isikhathi eside engxenyeni engenhla yomkhathi (ungqimba lwe-ozone) izimo zayo ezikhethekile eziyivumela ukuthi ibekhona, ngoba imvamisa izibopho zayo ziyawohloka ziphinde zithole ifomu le-diatomic (O₂). Isetshenziselwa ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi, kepha ngobuningi bayo kungacasula futhi kube nobuthi obuncane.
I-Ferric oxide (Fe₂NOMA₃). I-iron oxide ejwayelekile, insimbi ende esetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene zabantu, ibomvu ngombala futhi ayilungile umqhubi kagesi. Kuzinzile ukushisa futhi kuncibilika kalula ngaphakathi ama-asidi, okwenza ezinye izinhlanganisela.
I-Helium (Yena). Igesi elihle, Kanye ne-argon, neon, xenon ne-krypton, ye-reactivity ephansi kakhulu noma engekho emthethweni, ekhona kwifomula yayo ye-monatomic.
Isikhutha (CO₂). Imolecule ebangelwa ukuphefumula, okuyixoshayo, kepha kudingekile nge-photosynthesis yezitshalo, okuyithatha emoyeni. Kuyinto ebalulekile empilweni, kepha ayinamandla okwakha ama-molecule ephilayo, yize ine-athomu yekhabhoni.
I-sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Amakristalu amhlophe angenamphunga, aziwa ngokuthi yi-caustic soda, ayisisekelo esiqinile, okungukuthi, into enesiphuzo esikhulu, esabela ngokuxakile (okudala ukushisa) lapho ichithwa emanzini. Ekuthintaneni nezinto eziphilayo kudala umonakalo wokugqwala.