20 Izibonelo Zezinto Zokwakha - Encyclopedia

Ividiyo: NGENZENJANI MANGIPHUPHA IZINTO ZETHONGA

-Delile

Izici zokwakha
Izinhlobo zezinto zokwakha
Izibonelo zezinto zokwakha

I- Izinto zokwakha yilezo Ama-Raw material noma, imvamisa, imikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo edingekayo ekwakheni umsebenzi wokwakha noma emisebenzini yobunjiniyela. Ziyizinto zokuqala zezinto ezakhayo noma zokwakha zesakhiwo.

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu bakwazile ukwenza ngcono impilo yabo ngokusebenzisa izinto zemvelo, futhi Lokhu kumholele ekutheni asungule izinto ezintsha mayelana nezakhiwo ukuze zizenze zikhululeke, zikwazi ukumelana nezinhlekelele futhi zihambisane nentuthuko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe.. Kule nqubo, kuye kwadingeka ukuthi afunde ngezinto zokwakha nokusetshenziswa kwazo, ukwazi ukuthi angakhetha kanjani noma adale okuhle kakhulu emcimbini ngamunye.

Kule nqubo, izingxube, izinto ezintsha zokwenziwa, nemiklamo ehlakaniphile ibe nendawo enhle emlandweni wezakhiwo nobunjiniyela bomphakathi. Iningi lezinto zokwakha ziyimikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo yezimboni eziyinhloko, kanti ezinye ziphathwa ngezinto ezingavuthiwe noma zisesimeni sokuluhlaza.

Bhekafuthi: Izibonelo Zemvelo Nezinto Zokufakelwa

Izici zokwakha

Njengoba ukukhetha okuhlakaniphile kuqinisekisa umphumela ongcono wokwakha, kunezinto ezithile ezibalulekile zezinto zokwakha okunakwa kuzo:

Ubuningi. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesisindo nevolumu, okungukuthi, inani lezinto eziqukethwe iyunithi ngayinye.
I-Hygroscopicity. Amandla endaba okumunca amanzi.
Ukunwebeka. Ukuthambekela kwendaba yokwandisa usayizi wayo lapho kukhona khona ukushisa nokuyifinyelela lapho kukhona amakhaza.
Ukuqhuba okushisayo. Amandla endaba yokudlulisa ukushisa.
Ukuqhuba kagesi. Amandla endaba yokudlulisa ugesi.
Amandla emishini. Inani lengcindezi lelo ndaba liyakwazi ukumelana nalo ngaphandle kokukhubazeka noma ukwephuka.
Ukuqina. Amandla wezinto zokubuyisa ukwakheka kwawo kwangempela uma ukucindezela okubakhubazayo kuphelile.
Amapulasitiki. Amandla endaba okhubazeka futhi angaphuli lapho ubhekene nengcindezi eqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukuqina. Ukuthambekela kwendaba ukugcina ukuma kwayo ebusweni bomzamo.
Ubugebengu. Ukungakwazi kwendaba ukukhubazeka, uncamela ukugqobhoza izicucu.
Ukumelana nokugqwala. Amandla okubekezelela ukugqwala ngaphandle kokuqhekeka noma ukubhidlika.

Izinhlobo zezinto zokwakha

Kunezinhlobo ezine zezinto zokwakha, ngokuya ngohlobo lwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezenziwa ngazo, okungukuthi:

Itshe. Lezi yizinto ezivela noma ezenziwe amadwala, amatshe nodaba olunenkathazo, kufaka phakathi izinto zokubopha (exutshwe namanzi ukwenza unamathisele) nezinto zobumba nezingilazi, kusuka kubumba, udaka nosilika okwenziwe ngenqubo yokudubula emahhavini emazingeni aphezulu okushisa.
I-Metallic. Ukuza ngensimbi, kusobala, kungaba ngesimo samashidi (izinsimbi oluthambile) noma imicu (izinsimbi ductile). Ezimweni eziningi, ama-alloys.
Okungokwemvelo. Kuqhamuka ku izinto eziphilayo, noma ngabe kungamahlathi, izinhlaka noma okuphuma kokunye.
Izinto zokwenziwa. Izinto zokwenziwa kwezinqubo zokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali, njengalezo ezitholwe ngu ziphuzo zazihluzwa i-hydrocarbon noma i-polymerization (amapulasitiki).

Izibonelo zezinto zokwakha

I-Granite. Eyaziwa ngokuthi "itshe le-berroqueña", kuyidwala elingenalutho elakhiwe nge-quartz. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ukwenza amatshe okuphehla nokwakha izindonga naphansi (ngendlela yama-slabs), ukumbozwa noma ukuphepha, kunikezwa ukuheha kwayo nokuqeda kwayo okupholishiwe. Kuyitshe elingaphakathi, linikezwe amandla alo okuhlobisa.
Imabula. Ngendlela yama-slabs noma amathayili, leli dwala le-metamorphic eliyigugu kakhulu kubabazi bemidwebo yasesikhathini esidlule livame ukuhlotshaniswa nokunethezeka nokukhwabanisa okuthile, yize namhlanje kusetshenziswa ngaphezu kwanoma yini phansi, ukugqoka noma imininingwane ethile yokwakha. Kuvame kakhulu ezakhiweni zokushisekela izwe noma imikhosi yangaphambilini.
Usimende. Into yokubopha ehlanganisa inhlanganisela yelimestone nobumba, i-calcined, inhlabathi bese ixutshwa ne-gypsum, impahla yayo enkulu ukuqina lapho ihlangana namanzi. Ekwakhiweni lisetshenziswa njengento ebalulekile, ngokuhlanganiswa namanzi, isihlabathi kanye nohlalu, ukuthola umfaniswano, into ebumbekayo nepulasitiki okuthi uma yomiswa iqine futhi yaziwe njengokhonkolo.
Isitini. Isitini senziwa ngengxube yobumba, sikhishwe kuze kususwe umswakama futhi siqine kuze kube yilapho sithola isimo saso esingunxande nombala waso osawolintshi. Eqinile futhi eqinile, lawa mabhulokhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni, ngenxa yezindleko zawo zezomnotho nokwethembeka. Ngendlela efanayo amathayili atholakala, enziwe ngento efanayo kodwa abunjwe ngendlela ehlukile.
Ingilazi. Umkhiqizo wokuhlanganiswa kwe-sodium carbonate, isihlabathi se-silica kanye ne-limestone cishe nge-1500 ° C, le nto eqinile, entekenteke futhi esobala isetshenziswa kakhulu ngabantu ekwenziweni kwazo zonke izinhlobo zamathuluzi namashidi, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezokwakha. ilungele amawindi: ivumela ukukhanya, kepha hhayi umoya noma amanzi.
Insimbi. Insimbi iyinsimbi engacishe ifane ne-ductile futhi ebumbekayo, enikezwe ukumelana okukhulu kwemishini nokumelana nokugqwala, okutholakala ku-alloy yensimbi nezinye izinsimbi nezinto ezingezona izinsimbi ezifana ne-carbon, i-zinc, i-tin nokunye okunye. Ingesinye sezinsimbi ezisemqoka ezisetshenziswa emkhakheni wezokwakha, ngoba izakhiwo zakhiwe bese zigcwaliswa ngosimende, ezaziwa ngokuthi "ukhonkolo oqinisiwe".
Izinki. Le nsimbi, ebalulekile empilweni engokwemvelo, inezakhiwo ezenze kwalungela ukwenziwa kwezinto eziningi nophahla emkhakheni wezokwakha. Ayisiyo i-ferromagnetic nakancane, ilula, iyathambeka futhi ayibizi, yize inezinye izinkinga ezifana nokungazweli kakhulu, ukuqhuba ukushisa kahle nokukhiqiza umsindo omkhulu lapho kuthintwa, ngokwesibonelo, yimvula.
I-Aluminium. Lesi ngesinye sezinsimbi ezigcwele kakhulu kuqweqwe lomhlaba, olufana ne-zinc, olukhanya ngokweqile, olushibhile noluthambile. Ayinamandla amakhulu, kepha isalungile ezinhlelweni ezifana nokubaza futhi, kuma-alloys aqinile, ekhishini nezinto zokwakha amapayipi.
Hola. Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka ukuhola kusetshenziswe njengento eyinhloko ekwakheni izingxenye zamapayipi asendlini, ngoba iyinto e-ductile, yokuqina kwamangqamuzana nokumangala okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, iyingozi empilweni, futhi amanzi ageleza ngamapayipi okuhola avame ukungcola ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yingakho ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuvinjelwe emazweni amaningi.
Ithusi. Ithusi liyinsimbi ekhanyayo, ethambile, eneductile, ecwebezelayo futhi ehambisa ugesi ngobunono. Yingakho kungukuncanyelwa okuncamelayo kokufakwa kukagesi noma ngogesi, yize kusetshenziselwa nokwenza izingxenye zamapayipi. Okokugcina kuvumelana nezindinganiso eziqinile ze-alloy namazinga ekhwalithi, njengoba i-oxide yethusi (eluhlaza okombala oluhlaza) iba yingozi.
Izinkuni. Izinkuni eziningi zisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa, kokubili kunqubo yobunjiniyela nasekugcineni ekugcineni. Eqinisweni, emazweni amaningi kunesiko lokwakha izindlu zamapulangwe, sisebenzisa ukushibhile kwalo okuhlobene, ukuhleleka kwalo nokumelana nalo, yize lisengozini yomswakama kanye nomuhlwa. Okwamanje izitezi eziningi zenziwe ngokhuni oluviniwe (i-parquet), iningi leminyango kanye namanye amakhabethe noma ifenisha yalolo hlobo.
Irabha. Le nhlaka etholakala esihlahleni esishisayo esinegama elifanayo, esaziwa nangokuthi i-latex, inikeza ukusetshenziswa okuningi kumuntu, njengokukhiqizwa kwamathayi, ukuvimba nokuvimbela amanzi, kanye nezingcezu zokugoqa emalungeni kanye nezinhlaka zokuvikela izinkuni noma ezinye izinto , emkhakheni wezokwakha.
I-Linoleum. Kutholakale kumafutha aqinile ahlanganisiwe, ahlanganiswe nofulawa wokhuni noma impuphu yokhokho, le nto isetshenziselwa ukwakha ukwenza izembozo zaphansi, imvamisa ifaka izingulube futhi inikeze ubukhulu obufanele ukusizakala ngokuguquguquka kwayo, ukumelana namanzi nezindleko zezomnotho.
Uqalo. Lolu khuni lwemvelaphi yaseMpumalanga, lukhula ezinhlangeni eziluhlaza ezingafinyelela kumamitha angama-25 ukuphakama namasentimitha angama-30 ububanzi, nokuthi uma sezomile futhi selulisiwe zifeza imisebenzi yokuhlobisa evame ukwakhiwa entshonalanga, kanye nasekwenzeni. , ama-palisade noma izitezi zamanga.
Ukhokho. Lokho esikubiza ngokujwayelekile ngokuthi ukhokho akuyona into edlula amagxolo esihlahla se-oki, esakhiwe yi-suberin endwangwini ethambile, ethambile, enwebekayo futhi elula esetshenziselwa amabhodi okukhangisa, njengokugcwalisa izinto, njengophethiloli (amandla alo wekhalori alingana namalahle ) futhi, emkhakheni wezokwakha, njengokugcwaliswa phansi, isiguqo esiphakathi kwezindonga nezingxenyana zezinto ezilula (i-durlock noma udonga olomile) nasezintweni zokuhlobisa.
I-Polystyrene. Le polymer etholwe ekupholiseni i-hydrocarbon enamakha (i-styrene), iyinto elula kakhulu, eminyene futhi engenamanzi, enamandla amakhulu okuvikela futhi, ngakho-ke, isetshenziswa njengesivikeli esishisayo ezakhiweni ezisemazweni amakhulu asebusika.
Abicah. Le polymer ye-silicon engenaphunga futhi engenambala isetshenziswa ngokuphelele njenge-ejenti ye-sealant neyokuvimbela ukungena kwamanzi ekwakhiweni nakumapayipi wamanzi, kodwa futhi njengezinto ezigcina zivikela ekufakweni kukagesi. Lezi zinhlobo zezinto zahlanganiswa okokuqala ngqa ngo-1938 futhi kusukela lapho ziye zaba wusizo emikhakheni eminingi yabantu.
I-Asphalt. Le nto encanyana, enamathelayo, enombala womthofu, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-bitumen, isetshenziswa njengomuthi wokuvimbela amanzi ophahleni nasezindongeni zezakhiwo eziningi futhi, ixutshwe nobhuqu noma isihlabathi, ukwenza imigwaqo. Ezimweni zokugcina, isebenza njengezinto zokubopha futhi itholakala kumafutha.
Ama-Acrylics Igama layo lesayensi yi-polymethylmethacrylate futhi ingelinye lamaplastikhi amakhulu obunjiniyela. Idlula amanye amapulasitiki ngamandla ayo, ukungafihli lutho kanye nokuklwebheka kokuqala, okwenza kube yinto enhle yokufaka ingilazi noma yezicelo zokuhlobisa.
I-Neoprene. Lolu hlobo lwenjoloba yokwenziwa lusetshenziswa njengokugcwalisa amapaneli wesamishi nanjenge-gasket (ijoyini elingangeni manzi noma i-gasket) ukuvimbela ukuvuza koketshezi enhlanganweni yezingxenye zamapayipi, kanye nokufaka uphawu kwempahla emafasiteleni nakwezinye izindawo ezivulekile zebhilidi.