Kokubili i- izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali njengoba izakhi zamakhemikhali zakhiwa ngama-molecule, futhi lezi nazo zakhiwa ngama-athomu. Ama-athomu ahlala ebumbene ngenxa yokwakheka kwalokho okuthiwa izixhumanisi zamakhemikhali.
I- izibopho zamakhemikhali azifani: ngokuyisisekelo kuncike kuzimpawu zobuchwepheshe zama-athomu abandakanyekayo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezixhumanisi ezivame kakhulu: izibopho ze-ionic kanye ne- ama-covalent bond.
Imvamisa, ama-covalent bond yiwona lawo bamba ama-athomu okungewona awensimbi ndawonye. Kwenzeka ukuthi ama-athomu alezi zinto anama-electron amaningi kugobolondo lawo elingaphandle futhi anokuthambekela kokugcina noma ukuzuza ama-electron, esikhundleni sokuwalahla.
Yingakho indlela lezi zinto noma amakhemikhali ahlanganiswa ngayoukuzuza kwe-icos kungokwabelana ngama-electron, uhhayi kuwo wonke ama-athomu. Ngale ndlela ama-electron amabili abiwe ajwayelekile kuma-athomu amabili futhi ngasikhathi sinye ayawahlanganisa. Kuhlelo amagesi izikhulu, isibonelo, lokhu kuyenzeka. Futhi ezintweni ze-halogen.
Lapho isibopho se-covalent senzeka phakathi kwezinto ze-electronegativity efanayo, efana naphakathi kwe-hydrogen nekhabhoni, kwenziwa isibopho i-apolar covalent. Lokhu kwenzeka, ngokwesibonelo, kuma-hydrocarbon.
Ngokufanayo, ama-molecule e-homonuclear (akhiwe nge-athomu efanayo) ahlala akha izibopho apolar. Kepha uma isibopho sivela phakathi kwezakhi ze-electronegativity ehlukile, kukhiqizwa i-electron density ephezulu ku-athomu eyodwa kunakwenye, ngenxa yalokhu kwakheka isigxobo.
Okwesithathu kungenzeka ukuthi ama-athomu amabili abelana ngama-electron amabili, kepha ukuthi lawa ma-electron abiwe anikelwa yi-athomu eyodwa kuphela kuwo. Kuleso simo sikhuluma ngakho dative noma ukuxhumanisa bond covalent.
Okwe isixhumanisi somdanso udinga into ene-electron pair yamahhala (njenge-nitrogen) nenye engenayo i-electron (njenge-hydrogen). Kuyadingeka futhi ukuthi lowo onombhangqwana we-elekthronikhi abe namandla kagesi ngokwanele ukuthi angalahlekelwa ama-electron ukuze abelane ngawo. Lesi simo senzeka, ngokwesibonelo, e-ammonia (NH4+).
I- izinto aqukethe ama-covalent compounds angenzeka kunoma isiphi isimo sendaba (esiqinile, esiwuketshezi noma esinegesi), futhi ngokujwayelekile bangabaqhubi abampofu bokushisa nogesi.
Zivame ukukhombisa amaphuzu ancibilika aphansi futhi abilayo futhi imvamisa iyancibilika kumakhemikhali awuketshezi we-polar, njenge-benzene noma i-carbon tetrachloride, kepha unomswakama omubi emanzini. Zizinzile ngokwedlulele.
Izibonelo eziningi zamakhemikhali noma izinto eziqukethe ama-covalent bond zinganikezwa:
- I-fluorine
- Bromine
- Iodine
- Iklorini
- Oxygen
- Amanzi
- Isikhutha
- I-Amoniya
- IMethane
- I-Propane
- Silica
- IDayimane
- I-graphite
- Quartz
- Ishukela
- Upharafini
- Udizili
- I-nitrogen
- I-Helium
- UFreon
