Izithinteli Ezinhle Nezimbi

-Delile

• Izibonelo zokuvuselela okuhle
• Izibonelo ze-catalyst ezingezinhle

Ibizwa catalysis kunqubo yamakhemikhali ye- ukusheshisa noma ukunciphisa ijubane ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, kusukela ekungezweni kwento noma into, elula futhi eyinkimbinkimbi, eguqula izikhathi zokuphendula ngaphandle kokuthinta uhlobo lomkhiqizo wokugcina ofanayo futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa isisindo sayo kule nqubo, okwenzeka ngama-reagents.

Le nto ibizwa ngokuthi okudala. Njalo ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kune-catalyst efanelekayo, engasheshisa, ikhulise noma ithuthukise (Isikhuthazi esihle), noma ngakolunye uhlangothi yehlisa ijubane, yehle futhi yenze buthaka (isisusa esibiinqubo yakho. Lezi zokugcina zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-inhibitors.

Bhekafuthi: Izibonelo zama-Catalysts (nemisebenzi yawo)

Izibonelo zokuvuselela okuhle

1. Ithempelesha. Ukuphendula okuningi kwamakhemikhali kungasheshiswa ngaphandle kokushintsha imikhiqizo yabo, ngokwandisa i- izinga lokushisa kwesilinganiso sokuphendula. Ngalesi sizathu ukubola kwe- ndaba kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo.
2. Ama-enzyme. Ihlukaniswe ngokwemvelo ngumzimba wezidalwa eziphilayo, ama-enzyme adlala indima ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa, esheshisa izinqubo ezibalulekile okuthi, uma zizenzele zodwa, zidinge amazinga okushisa ngokuvamile angahambisani nempilo. (buka: ama-enzyme wokugaya ukudla)
3. I-Palladium catalysts. Ezimotweni ezisebenzisa uphethiloli ongenamikhono, amapayipi ane-palladium noma i-platinamu ezinhlayiyaneni ezincane ahambisana nokuqothulwa kwezimoto, angakhuthaza inqubo yokunciphisa i-carbon monoxide namanye amagesi anobuthi womlilo, avumele ukunciphisa izinto ayinabungozi kangako ngesikhathi sokurekhoda.
4. Okuphuma ku-fluorine. Zisheshisa ukubola kwe-ozone (O₃ → O + O₂) ku-oxygen, ukusabela okuvame ukuhamba kancane. Le yinkinga yama-aerosols namafriji adedela ama-CFC emkhathini: aqinisa ungqimba lwe-ozone ngalo mqondo.
5. I-Magnesium dioxide (MnO₂). Isikhuthazi esivamile ekonakaleni kweHydrogen Peroxide noma i-hydrogen peroxide (2H₂NOMA₂ → 2H₂O + O₂) emanzini nase-oxygen.
6. I-Nickel. Isetshenziswa ku-hydrogenation kawoyela wemifino, ukuthola imajarini, njengoba le nsimbi isheshisa inqubo yokuthola i-lipids egcwele.
7. Isiliva. I-Polycrystalline silver ne-nanoporose ngama-accelerators asebenzayo e-carbon dioxide (CO₂) nge-electrocatalysis.
8. I-aluminium chloride. Isisebenzi e- umkhakha imboni ye-petrochemical ukusheshisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlaka zokwenziwa noma izithambisi, ngaphandle kokushintsha isimo esibucayi se- ama-hydrocarbon embuzweni, ngoba inezindawo ezine-asidi neyisisekelo ngasikhathi sinye (into ye-amphoteric).
9. Insimbi. Isetshenziswa njengesikhuthazi enqubeni yeHaber-Bosch ukuthola i-ammonia kusuka ku-hydrogen ne-nitrogen.
10. Ukukhanya kwe-UV. Ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet, kanye ne- catalyst ethize, Kwenziwa i-photocatalysis: ukusheshisa kokuphendula kwamakhemikhali ngomsebenzi we-catalyst owenziwe ngamandla we-ultraviolet.

Izibonelo ze-catalyst ezingezinhle

1. Ithempelesha. Njengoba nje ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kusheshisa izinqubo zamakhemikhali, ukwehla kuwo kuyababambezela. Lesi yisimiso sefriji, isibonelo, esandisa impilo yokudla ngokukugcina ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi.
2. I-citric acid. I-asidi kalamula nezinye izithelo ezisawolintshi kubambezela inqubo ye-oxidation ye- izinto eziphilayo.
3. Ama-enzyme inhibitors. Izinto eziphilayo ezibopha ama-enzyme futhi zinciphise umsebenzi wazo, ukumisa izinqubo zamakhemikhali noma zebhayoloji. Zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukulwa amagciwane amancane, kuvimbela inqubo ethile eyisihluthulelo yokuzala kwayo.
4. I-potassium chlorate. Isetshenziswe kuzinqubo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, lapho i-magnetite steel ifakwe khona ukwehlisa ijubane noma ukuvimbela inqubo yayo yokugqwala.
5. I-asidi ye-Sorbic. Isivikelo semvelo esisetshenziswa embonini yezokudla ukunciphisa ukubola kokudla.
6. Umthofu weTetraethyl. Kuphethiloli onomthofu ongasasebenzi manje, le nto yayisetshenziswa njenge-antiknock, okungukuthi, ukuvimbela ukuqhuma kwayo ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
7. I-Propanoic acid. Uketshezi olungenambala, olonakalisayo olunephunga elibi, lulungele ukulondolozwa kokuphakelayo, ukudla kanye nemikhiqizo yezemithi, ngoba luyisikhubekiso esinamandla sokubulala ukhunta.
8. Isibabule kanye nokuphuma kokunye. Lezi zinhlanganisela zisebenza njengama-inhibitor we-catalysis enhle ye-platinum eyimpuphu noma i-nickel ekuphenduleni kwe-hydrogenation. Ukuvela kwesibabule kumisa umphumela bese ukusabela kubuyela kusivinini saso esijwayelekile.
9. I-Hydrocyanic (noma i-prussic) acid. Inobuthi kakhulu, umphumela wayo ezilwaneni noma kubantu uphazamisa inqubo yama-metalloenzymes amaningi, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ukuphefumula kwamaselula futhi ibangele ukufa emizuzwini embalwa.
10. I-Mercury, i-phosphorus, noma i-arsenic vapor. Lezi zinto zisula ngokuphelele isenzo se-platinum asbestos ekwakheni i-sulfuric acid, esebenza njenge-inhibitor enamandla.