-Delile
I- alkanes yisigaba sama-hydrocarbon lapho inani eliguqukayo le- ama-athomu ekhabhoni ahlanganiswe ndawonye ngezibopho ezilodwa, njengamathambo, ne-athomu ngayinye yekhabhoni nayo inamathele kuyo ama-athomu e-hydrogen, ezingagcina zithathelwe indawo enye ama-athomu noma amaqembu amakhemikhali.
Ifomula yama-alkanes yi CnH2n + 2, lapho u-C emele ikhabhoni, u-H umele i-hydrogen kanti u-n umele inani lama-athomu e-carbon. Ama-alkanes angama-hydrocarbon agcwele. Ukuziqamba igama, isijobelelo “-unyaka”.
Ingakusebenzela:
- Izibonelo ze-Alkynes
- Izibonelo zama-Alkenes
Ukuhlukaniswa
Ngaphakathi kwama-alkanes, amaqembu amakhulu amabili ngokuvamile abonwa ngomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwawo: uchungechunge oluvulekile (ebizwa nangokuthi i-acyclic) futhi iketanga elivaliwe (noma ukujikeleza).
Lapho izinhlanganisela zamaketanga evulekile zingavezi noma yini efakwa esikhundleni sama-hydrogens ahambisana ne-athomu ngayinye yekhabhoni, abizwa kanjalo ulayini alkanes: lawa ma-alkanes alula kakhulu. Lapho bethula okufakwa esikhundleni, bayabizwa ama-alkanes anamagatsha. Izakhi ezivame kakhulu ngamaqembu e-hydroxyl ne-methyl, nama-halogen.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezakhi ezihlanganiswa nomjikelezo owodwa ku-molecule kanti ezinye zinenqwaba; zibizwa ngokuthi i-monocyclic ne-polycyclic, ngokulandelana. Ama-alkanes we-cyclic angaba njalo sifiso noma heterocyclic.
- Ezokuqala zenziwa ngokungenelela okukhethekile kwama-athomu ekhabhoni.
- Kulesi sakamuva, amanye ama-athomu abamba iqhaza, isibonelo, umoya-mpilo noma isibabule.
Izakhiwo zomzimba
Ngokuvamile, izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zama-alkanes zinemibandela ye- isisindo samangqamuzana (yona ixhunyaniswe nobude). Labo abanenani eliphansi kakhulu lamakhaboni yibo gaseous ekamelweni lokushisa, lawo asukela ku-5 kuye ku-18 ama-athomu ekhabhoni uketshezi, futhi ngaphezu kwale nombolo kukhona okuqinile (kufana ne-wax).
Ukuba aminyene kunamanzi, bavame ukuntanta phezu kwawo. Ngokuvamile, ama-alkanes awancibiliki emanzini futhi ancibilika kuma-solvents organic. Bethula amandla aphezulu wokwenza kusebenze.
I- alkanes zibonakala ngokuba compounds zamakhemikhali kakhuluukungasebenzi kahle, yingakho aziwa nangokuthi "uphalafini" (ngesiLatini, parum affinis kusho ukuthi "ukuzwana okuphansi"). Ukuphendula okubaluleke kakhulu okungenziwa yi-alkanes yile ukushisa, ukukhiqiza ukushisa, isikhutha namanzi lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo.
Ama-alkanes ayisisekelo sokuhlukahluka okubalulekile okuphathelene nezinqubo zezimboni ezibaluleke kakhulu, ngokuba ngamafutha asetshenziswa kakhulu endabuko. Zibonakala futhi njengemikhiqizo yokugcina yezinqubo zebhayoloji ezifana nokuvutshelwa kwe-methanogenic okwenziwa ngabathile ama-microorganisms.
Izibonelo zama-alkanes
Sizokhuluma ngama-alkanes angamashumi amabili, kufaka phakathi amanye awaziwayo aqondile futhi anamagatsha, ngasekupheleni kohlu:
- IChloroform (igama elihle le- trichloromethane; CHCl3) - imiphunga yalolu daba yayisetshenziswa njenge-anesthetic esikhathini esidlule. Iyekile ukusebenza ngale njongo ngoba kutholakale ukuthi ilimaza izitho ezibalulekile, njengesibindi noma izinso. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo namuhla ngokuyinhloko njenge-solvent noma i-coolant.
- IMethane (CH4) - lena yi-alkane elula kunazo zonke: yakhiwe nge-athomu eyodwa kuphela ye-carbon ne-hydrogen ezine. Kuyinto igesi eyenzeka ngokwemvelo ngokubola kwama-organic substrates ahlukene, futhi iyona nto eyinhloko yegesi yemvelo. Ezikhathini zamuva kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi kungenye yamagesi anikela kakhulu kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-greenhouse effect.
- U-Octane (C8H18) - lena yi-albon-alkane eyisishiyagalombili futhi ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba inquma ikhwalithi yokugcina yama-naphthas, eyinhlanganisela ama-hydrocarbon ahlukahlukene. Le khwalithi ilinganiswa ngenombolo ye-octane noma inombolo ye-octane kaphethiloli, okuthatha njengesethenjwa okuyisiboni esiphansi (inkomba 100) kanye nokuqhumisa kakhulu (inkomba 0).
- UHexane (C6H14) - isisombululo kuphela esibalulekile, ukuhogela inhalation kufanele kugwenywe, ngoba kuyingozi kakhulu.
- Butane (C4H10kanye nepropane (C3H8), akha okuthiwa yi-liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), akhiwa ezikhwameni zegesi ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhipha uwoyela. Ukushintshwa kukaphethiloli noma udizili yi-LPG njengophethiloli kuya ngokuya kukhushulwa, ngoba iyi-hydrocarbon enobungozi emvelweni ngokukhipha isikhutha kuphela namanzi emlilweni wayo.
- Icosano - yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-alkane-carbon alkane engamashumi amabili (isiqalo 'ico' sisho amashumi amabili)
- ICyclopropane - phambilini ibisetshenziswa njengezinzwa
- n i-heptane - Le alkane iyona ethathwe njengesethenjwa sephuzu elingu-zero lesikali se-octane sikaphethiloli, okungaba yinto efiseleka kakhulu, ngoba isha kakhulu. Itholakala ku-resin yezitshalo ezithile.
- 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane (C9H20)
- 2-methylbutane
- 3-chloro-4-n-propylheptane
- 3,4,6-trimethyl heptane
- 1-phenyl 1-bromoethane
- 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane
- 5-isopropyl-3-methylnonane
- bicyclopropane
- 1-bromopropane
- 3-methyl-5-n-propyloctane
- I-5-n-butyl-4,7-diethyldecane
- 3,3-dimethyl decane
Ingakusebenzela:Izibonelo zamaHydrocarbon
