isikhunta umbuso

-Delile

• Izici ze-Fungi Kingdom
• Izibonelo ze-Fungi Kingdom
• Isikhunta sondla kanjani?
• Ukwahlukaniswa embusweni wesikhunta

Izinto eziphilayo zihlukaniswa imibuso emihlanu ukwenza lula ukutadisha nokuqonda kobudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwabo kanye nezimpawu ezithile zobunye nobunye.

Lesi sigaba senziwa kusuka emaqenjini ajwayelekile kuya kumaqembu athile, kuqala ngemibuso, bese kuba yi-phyla noma ukwahlukana, isigaba, ukuhleleka, umndeni, uhlobo lohlobo nezinhlobo.

Ngamanye amagama, umbuso ngamunye uhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ezinezici ezithile ezifanayo.

Imibuso yile:

• I-Animalia (umbuso wezilwane): Izinto eziphilayo ze-Eukaryotic, iselula, ngaphandle kwe-chloroplast noma udonga lweseli. Ingabe ama-heterotrophs (badla abanye izidalwa eziphilayo).
• Plantae (umbuso wezitshalo): Izinto eziphilayo ezinama-eukaryotic, ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuhamba, ngezindonga zeseli eziqukethe i-cellulose, i-photosynthetic.
• Isikhunta (Isikhunta): Izinto eziphilayo ze-Eukaryotic, ngaphandle kwekhono lokuhamba, ngezindonga zamaseli eziqukethe i-chitin.
• Protista: Ezinye izinto ze-eukaryotic (ezine amaseli lokho kufaka phakathi i-nucleus ehlukile) engafakiwe phakathi kwezitshalo, izilwane, nesikhunta.
• I-Monera: Izinto eziphilayo zeProkaryotic. Kuhlelo amaseli we-prokaryotic Azinayo i-nucleus ehlukanisiwe, okungukuthi, izinto zofuzo azihlukanisiwe nenye ingxenye yeseli ulwelwesi lweseli, kepha zitholakala mahhala ku-cytoplasm.

• Ingakusebenzela: Izibonelo ezivela eMbusweni ngamunye

Izici ze-Fungi Kingdom

• Izinto eziphilayo ze-Eukaryotic: Zakhiwa ngamaseli e-eukaryotic, okungukuthi, ane-nucleus lapho izinto zofuzo zisesimweni sama-chromosomes.
• Udonga lweseli: Njengezitshalo, zinodonga lweseli ngaphandle kolwelwesi lwe-plasma. Ngokungafani nezitshalo, lolu donga lwakhiwe ngama-chitin nama-glucans.
• Umswakama: Ziyanda ezindaweni ezinomswakama nezasemanzini.
• Ama-Heterotrophs: Ngokungafani nezitshalo, adinga ukondla i- izinto eziphilayo ezenziwe ezinye izinto eziphilayo, ngoba azikwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesize. Isici esibahlukanisa namanye ama-heterotrophs ukuthi benza ukugaya kwangaphandle kokudla kwabo: bakha ama-enzyme agaya ukudla bese edonsa ama-molecule avela kulokho kugaya.
• Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezinhlamvu: Izinhlamvu ziyimizimba emincane kakhulu unicellular noma multicellular. Ahlakazeka esimweni esifushane kuze kutholakale izimo ezinhle zokuhluma kwawo. Lokhu kuzala kungaba ngokocansi noma asexual, kuye ngohlobo.

Kwethu impilo yansuku zonke, Singathola amakhowe ngohlobo lokudla (kwimikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yobisi, ubhiya, noma eyedwa), noma njengengxenye yezakhi zokwelapha. Kukhona nesikhunta esingcolisayo, njengaleso esibola izinkuni, nesikhunta esinciphisayo esidala izifo emzimbeni womuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emasikweni ahlukahlukene amakhowe asetshenziselwa izakhiwo zawo ze-hallucinogenic.

Izibonelo ze-Fungi Kingdom

1. I-fly swatter (Amanita muscaria): Ukwahlukaniswa: basidiomycetes. I-oda: Agaricales. Amakhowe akhubaza okwesikhashana izinambuzane ezihlangana nawo. Ilinganisa phakathi kwamasentimitha ayishumi nangu-20. Libomvu ngamachashazi amhlophe. Itholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene, kepha ikakhulukazi izinkuni, njengoba ikhula ihlotshaniswa nezimpande zezihlahla ezahlukahlukene. Kuyikhowe le-hallucinogenic.
2. U-Amethiste Lacaria (laccaria amethystea): Ukwahlukaniswa: basidiomycetes. Isigaba: Homobasidiomycetes. I-oda: Ama-Tricholomatales. Amakhowe anesigqoko esifika ku-5 cm ububanzi. Inombala osabekayo we-violet. Ibonakala ezindaweni ezinobuthi nezinomswakama zamahlathi.
3. Amakhowe ezinkanyezi (aseroë rubra). Ukuhlukaniswa: ama-basidiomycetes. Isigaba: agaricomycetes. I-oda: uPallales. Amakhowe abonakala ngephunga lawo elingathandeki, eliheha izimpukane, kanye nesimo salo esinezinkanyezi. Isiqu sawo simhlophe nezingalo zakhe zibomvu. Ingafinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-10. Ingalo ngayinye (ephakathi kuka-6 no-9) ilinganiselwa kumamilimitha angama-33.
4. Ugwayi kaDeveli (i-chorioactis geaster). Ukwahlukaniswa: ama-ascomycetes. Isigaba: ama-pezizomycetes. Ukuhleleka. Ama-Pezizales. Amakhowe amise okwenkanyezi, umbala onsundu. Okucacile ngayo ukuthi ikhipha umsindo lapho ivula ukukhipha izinhlamvu zayo. Zikhula kumsedari ofile noma ezimpandeni ze-oki. Itholakala kuphela e-United States nase-Japan.
5. Imvubelo kabhiya (Saccharomyces cervisiae). Ukwahlukaniswa: ama-ascomycetes. Isigaba: Hemiascomycetes. I-oda: Saccharomycetales. Isikhunta unicellular. Uhlobo lwemvubelo olusetshenziswa ekwenzeni isinkwa, ubhiya newayini. Ikhiqiza kabusha kwifayela le- asexual ngokufufusa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile iyakwazi ukuzala kabusha ngokocansi.
6. IPenicillium Roqueforti. Ukwahlukaniswa: ascomycotic. Isigaba: ama-eurotiomycetes. I-oda: Ama-Eurtiales. Isetshenziselwa ukwenziwa koshizi onhlobonhlobo, kufaka phakathi ushizi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (iRoqueforte, iCabrales, iValdeón, njll.)
7. I-Pine mushroom (suillus luteus). Ukuhlukaniswa: ama-basidiomycetes. Isigaba: homobasidiomycetes. I-oda: ama-boletales. Ingalinganisa ububanzi obungu-10 cm. Umbala onsundu ngombala nobuso be-viscous. Itholakala emahlathini kaphayini. Yikhowe elidliwayo.
8. Isikhunta seDermatophyte (i-epidermophyton floccosum). Ukwahlukaniswa: ascomycotic. Isigaba: ama-eurotiomycetes. I-oda: i-onygenales. Isikhunta esibangela ukutheleleka kwesikhumba esifana nesibungu, unyawo lomsubathi ne-onychomycosis. Isakazwa ngokuxhumana. Ikhula emakoloni.
9. UCrepidotus. Ukuhlukaniswa: Ama-Basidiomycetes. I-oda: Agaricales. Isikhunta esenziwe nge-saprophytic. Imibala phakathi kokumhlophe noku nsundu. Ikhula esimeni sezulu esipholile.
10. IPenicillium chrysogenum. Ukwahlukaniswa: ascomycotic. Isigaba: Ama-Eurothiomycetes. I-oda: ama-eurotiales. Yisikhunta esikhiqiza i-penicillin (isibulala-magciwane lokho kwavumela ukwelapha izifo ezazithathwa njengezingelapheki).

Isikhunta sondla kanjani?

• AmaSaprophyte: Adla izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezibolayo.
• Izimuncagazi: Zidla izinto eziphilayo zezinto eziphilayo ezihlala nazo.
• Ama-Symbionts: Ahlangana nezitshalo ezizuza inzuzo yazo zombili.

Ukwahlukaniswa embusweni wesikhunta

Umbuso weFungi uhlukaniswe ngale ndlela elandelayo:

• Basidiomycetes (Isigaba seBasidiomycota): Amakhowe akhiqiza ibasidia (isakhiwo esikhiqiza ibala) nama-basidiospores (izinhlamvu zokuzala).
• Ama-Ascomycetes (Ukwahlukaniswa kwe-Ascomycota): Amakhowe kanye nezikhunta ezikhiqiza i-asci (iseli ekhiqiza ubala) enama-ascospores (i-ascus ngayinye ikhiqiza ama-ascospores ayi-8).
• I-Glomeromycetes (Isigaba seGlomeromycota): I-Mycorrhizae, okungukuthi, ukhunta one ubuhlobo be-symbiotic ngezimpande zesitshalo.
• Zygomycetes (Ukwahlukaniswa kweZygomycota): Isikhunta esakha i-zygospores (ingxenye yezocansi yefungus)
• Ama-Chitridiomycetes (Ukwahlukaniswa kweChytridiomycota): Isikhunta esineMicroscopic esinama-zoospores nama-gamet we-uniflagellate.