-Delile
A imidwebo ukumelwa okungokomfanekiso okuchaza imiqondo nobudlelwano. Amagrafu wezibalo athatha idatha yomqondo noma yezinombolo futhi akhombise ubudlelwane le datha enabo komunye nomunye. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zehluzo ngokuya ngohlobo lolwazi ofuna ukululanda, isibonelo: amashadi wamabha, amashadi wamaphayi, amashadi okusabalalisa.
Imidwebo iyithuluzi eliyisisekelo ezibalweni. Bahlanganisa ulwazi oluningi esikhaleni esincane, esenza kube lula ukufundwa nokwenziwa kwedatha ngendlela esheshayo nelula. Bangadlulisa imininingwane yezokuphatha, yabantu, yesayensi, yezobuchwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo: imiphumela yokhetho lweziphathimandla zikazwelonke noma zezifundazwe, ukuthengiswa kwenkampani, idatha yokubalwa kwabantu, ubudlelwano phakathi kwejubane nokusheshisa.
Izinhlobo zeshadi
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamagrafu, ukukhetha uhlobo lwegrafu oluzosetshenziswa kuzoya ngohlobo lwedatha etholakalayo (yekhwalithi noma yokulinganisa) nenani lemininingwane.
- Igrafu yeCartesian. Kuluhlelo lwamashadi oluyisisekelo. Ibizwa ngeCartesian ngokuhlonipha uRené Descartes, isazi sefilosofi saseFrance nesazi sezibalo. La magrafu ahlobanisa okuguqukayo okuzimele ku-X axis (abscissa) ngokuhlukahluka okuxhomeke ku-Y axis (i-ordine) kuhlelo lwama-axis we-orthogonal ahlangana endaweni yokuqala. Ngokwesibonelo: ibha, ulayini, noma ukusabalalisa amashadi.
- Imidwebo ezibalo zejometri. Ziyihluzo ezenziwa ngezibalo ezihlukile zejometri. Ngokwesibonelo: ishadi likaphayi noma likaphayi, ishadi le-bubble, noma amashadi wesicabucabu.
- Ama-Cartograms. Kuyimidwebo yezibalo ezithwebula imininingwane emabalazweni.
Amanye amashadi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kufaka phakathi, ngokwesibonelo, amasistimu amabili we-Y-axis, imigoqo yamaphutha, ukumelwa okuma-ntathu, idatha enqwabelene.
Izibonelo ze-Statistical graph
- Igrafu yomugqa
Igrafu yomugqa isetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuthi ukuguquguquka kuguquka kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kulolu hlobo lwegrafu, iqoqo lamaphoyinti lixhunywe ngemigqa eqondile, phakathi kwayo yonke, ekwazi ukukhombisa ukuguquguquka okuvamile noma okuncane kokuziphatha kwento ethile maqondana nokunye okuguqukayo. Isibonelo, ingasetshenziswa ukukhombisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa lomuzi lishintshe kanjani kule minyaka emihlanu edlule.
Ukwenza igrafu yomugqa ephepheni, izimbazo ezimbili kufanele zidwetshwe ziziqambe ngokuhluka okukumelayo. Isibonelo: X: izinyanga zonyaka; Y: izinga lokushisa. Bese ufaka ububanzi nezinga lokuhluka ngakunye. Maka iphuzu ngalinye lolwazi ngephuzu bese uxhuma amaphuzu ngomugqa.
- Umdwebo webha
Kumashadi webha noma wekholomu, inani ngalinye ku-eksisi ye-X lihambisana nenani ku-eksisi ye-Y enquma ukuphakama kwekholomu. Zibaluleke kakhulu ngokuqhathanisa ubukhulu. Isibonelo, inani labahlali bedolobha lingamelwa ngokuya ngeminyaka yobudala.
Ukwenza igrafu yomugqa, izimbazo ezimbili kufanele zidwetshwe ziziqambe ngokuhluka okukumelayo. Isibonelo: X: ibanga lobudala; Y: inani labahlali. Bese ufaka uhla nesilinganiso sokuhluka ngakunye bese udweba imigoqo yokujoyina ulwazi kusuka kuzo zombili izinto eziguqukayo.
- Ishadi likaphayi
Ebizwa nangokuthi ishadi likaphayi, ikhombisa ukwabiwa kwenani elinikeziwe ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene. Kuyithuluzi elibalulekile lamacala lapho ukwaziwa ngokuphelele, futhi okubalulekile ukwazi indlela eyahlukaniswa ngayo yaba izingxenye eziningana. Isibonelo, iphesenti lamavoti iqembu ngalinye lezepolitiki elithole okhethweni lingamelwa.
Ukwenza ishadi likaphayi kufanele udwebe indingilizi nekhampasi. Dweba irediyasi yombuthano bese nge-protractor abale le datha elandelayo. Faka umbala ngamunye engxenyeni yekhekhe.
- Sabalalisa icebo
Isetshenziswa kuphela ezimweni zokubhangqa oku-odiwe, ngenhloso yokwazi uhlobo lobudlelwano obusungulwe phakathi kokuguqukayo. Bonke ubudlelwano obubonwe phakathi kokuguquguquka kwe-eksisi eyodwa naleyo yomunye buvezwa ngamaphuzu, futhi buqhathaniswa nomkhuba othile. Lapha, uma kuqhathaniswa nomkhuba oqondile. Ingasetshenziswa, isibonelo, ukulawula ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo othile.
- Ishadi lendawo ehlanganisiwe
Isetshenziswa ezimeni lapho ufuna ukumboza ngasikhathi sinye umsebenzi wakudala wamashadi wekholomu (qhathanisa ubukhulu obukhulu) namashadi wamaphayi (bonisa ukusatshalaliswa kwengqikithi eyaziwayo). Ngasikhathi sinye izinto zombili ziyenziwa, kukhombisa ukusatshalaliswa kunxande esikhundleni sombuthano.
Lolu hlobo lwegrafu lungasetshenziswa, isibonelo, ukufaka igrafu masonto onke, ngenyanga noma ngonyaka ukuthengiswa komkhiqizo othile.
- Igrafu yokuguquguquka
Lolu hlobo lwegrafu lusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ubukhulu kepha nezinguquko abanazo, nokutholakala kwabo ekugcineni ekuguqulweni. Ubude bomugqa yilokho okuchaza lokho kushintshashintsha.
Igrafu yokuguquguquka isetshenziswa, ngezinga elikhulu, ukuguquguquka kwegrafu emakethe yezomnotho.
- Umdwebo wesicabucabu
Zivamile ezimweni zokuhlaziywa kwemiphumela, lapho okuguquguqukayo ngakunye kunesilinganiso esiphezulu. Isibalo sejiyometri senziwa ngamahaba amaningi njengoba kunezinto eziguquguqukayo okufanele ziqhathaniswe namaphuzu wamanani aziwayo ayahlanganiswa.
Lolu hlobo lwegrafu lungasetshenziswa, ngokwesibonelo kuleli cala, ukudweba inani lokuthunyelwa komkhiqizo kwamanye amazwe ngo-2011 nango-2012 eFrance, eBrazil, e-United States, eChina, eJapane naseJalimane.
- Ishadi lebha elihlanganisiwe
Eshadini elihlanganisiwe, ishadi lebha elilodwa lisetshenziselwa ukuveza amaningana ngasikhathi sinye. Ngevelu ngayinye ye- "x" kunamanani amaningana ka- "y". Kumele kwenziwe ngendlela ehlelekile enemibala ehlukene, futhi kufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi lapha inani eliphelele alivamisile ukubonwa kahle ngokungeza imikhakha, okuyizindawo ezisezindaweni ezihlanganisiwe.
Lolu hlobo lwegrafu lungasetshenziswa ukwenza igrafu, ngokwesibonelo kuleli cala, inani labesifazane nabesilisa elihlukaniswe ngeminyaka yobudala endaweni ethile. Le grafu isivumela ukukala okuguqukayo okubili ngasikhathi sinye (abesilisa nabesifazane).
- Ishadi lephiramidi
Ishadi lephiramidi livumela ukukhombisa ngasikhathi sinye imvamisa yokuguquguquka okuthile kwabesifazane nakwabesilisa (isibonelo, ubudala). Njengoba ukhuphuka, imvamisa iyancipha futhi igrafu ithatha ukwakheka kwepiramidi.
Isetshenziswa kaningi ukulahla imiphumela yokubalwa kwabantu.
- Imvamisa ipholigoni
Ikuvumela ukuthi uchaze ukuthambekela komhlaba ngokujoyina ama-midpoints wamaza esikhathi ngasinye kugrafu yebha (amamaki ekilasi).
Zenziwe nge-frequency histogram (amakholomu amile mpo). Zivame kakhulu kwisayensi yabantu neyenhlalo kunakwisayensi yemvelo kanye ngqo.
- Ama-Cartograms
Yimidwebo eyenziwe emabalazweni. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamamaki noma izinkomba ezisetshenziswayo ezibonisa imiphumela ezungeze isimo noma umcimbi othile.
Isibonelo: ukuvota kokhetho lukamongameli ngesifunda noma isifunda.
- Qhubeka ne: Inani le-Vector kanye ne-scalar
