Iminikelo ka-Aristotle

-Delile

• Imisebenzi ka-Aristotle
• Izibonelo zeminikelo ka-Aristotle

U-Aristotle wase-Estagira (384 BC-322 BC) wayeyisazi sefilosofi saseMakedoniya sempucuko yasendulo yamaGrikhi, ebhekwe njengongqondongqondo abakhulu baseNtshonalanga nemibono kabani, eqoqwe ezincwadini ezingaba ngu-200 lapho kugcinwa khona ezingama-31 kuphela, ezinamandla nomthelela emlandweni wethu wengqondo iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili.

Imibhalo yakhe yayiphathelene nenqwaba yezintshisekelo, kusukela kumqondo, ezombusazwe, izimiso zokuziphatha, i-physics, kanye nokukhuluma, izinkondlo, isayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nebhayoloji; izindawo zolwazi lapho ibidlala khona indima yokuguqula, kwezinye izimo ize ibe yisisekelo: okwakhe kwakuyizifundo zokuqala ezihlelekile zomqondo kanye ne-biology emlandweni.

Wayengumfundi wezinye izazi zefilosofi ezibalulekile ezifana noPlato no-Eudoxus, phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili lapho aqeqeshwa khona e-Academy of Athens, idolobha elifanayo lapho azothola khona iLyceum kamuva., indawo lapho ayezofundisa khona kuze kube ukuwa komfundi wakhe, u-Alexander waseMakedoniya, owaziwa nangokuthi u-Alexander Omkhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho wayezoya edolobheni laseChalcis, lapho ayezofela khona ngonyaka olandelayo.

Umkhondo ka-Aristotle uyitshe legumbi lezesayensi namafilosofi angaleso sikhathi, futhi uvame ukuhlonishwa ezingqungqutheleni zamazwe omhlaba, ezincwadini nasezincwadini.

Imisebenzi ka-Aristotle

Imisebenzi ebhalwe ngu-Aristotle esasinda kithina ingama-31, yize ubunikazi bayo eminye yayo iphikisana namanje. Ucingo Corpus aristotelicum (Umzimba ka-Aristotelian), nokho, ufundwa ngohlobo lwawo lwamaPrussia ngu-Inmanuel Bekker, owakhishwa phakathi kuka-1831-1836 kanti iziqu zawo eziningi zisasele esiLatin.

• Izinqubo Zengqondo: Izigaba (IsigabaKususelwa ekuchazeni (Ngokuhumusha), Izibalo zokuqala (I-Analytica priora), Imizuzwana yokuhlaziya (I-Back AnalyticaIzihloko (Isihloko), Ukuphika kweSophistic (Ngo-sophisticis elenchis).
• Imibhalo yokwelapha: Okomzimba (I-Physica, Ngaphezu kwesibhakabhaka (Ka caelo), Mayelana nokwenziwa kwenkohlakalo (Of generatione et corruptionione), Isimo Sezulu (Isimo sezulu), Kwezwe lonke (Wezwe), Yomphefumulo (Ngu-anima), Izeluleko Ezincane Emvelweni (Parva naturaliaUkuphefumula (Ngomoya), Umlando wezilwane (Umlando we-Animalium), Izingxenye zezilwane (Ngu-partibus animaliumUkuhamba kwezilwane (Kusuka ku-motu animaliumUkuqhubeka kwesilwane (Ngu-incessu animalium), Isizukulwane sezilwane (By izikhova ezimnqiniImibala (Nge-coloribusEzintweni zokuhlolwa (By audibilibus, Physiognomonic (Umzimba womzimbaYezitshalo (Ngu-plantis), Ngezimangaliso ezizwakele (By mirabilibus auscultationibus), Imishini (UMechanica), Izinkinga (Inkinga), Ngemigqa engabonakali (Ngu-lineis insecabilibus), Izindawo zemimoya (I-Ventorum situs), Melisos, Xenophanes and Gorgias (esifushanisiwe MXG).
• Ukwelashwa kwe-metaphysics: I-Metaphysics (I-Metaphysica).
• Izivumelwano zokuziphatha nezinqubomgomo: Izimiso zokuziphatha zeNicomachean (U-Ethica Nicomachea), Isimo esihle (Magna isimilo), Izimiso Zokuziphatha Eudemic (I-Ethica Eudemia), Incwajana yezimfanelo nobubi (De deututibus et vitiis libellusEzombusazwe (Ezombusazwe), Ezomnotho (I-Oeconomicskanye noMthethosisekelo wabase-Athene (Athenaion politea).
• Ukwelashwa kwezinkulumo nezinkondlo: Ubuciko bokukhuluma (URhetorica), Ukuziphendulela ku-Alexander (Rhetorica ad AlexandrumNezinkondlo (Izimbongi).

Izibonelo zeminikelo ka-Aristotle

1. Wakha uhlelo lwakhe lwefilosofi. Ephikisana nemibono yothisha wakhe uPlato, okwakwenzelwe umhlaba izindiza ezimbili: ezinengqondo nezizwakalayo, u-Aristotle waphakamisa ukuthi umhlaba awunawo amagumbi. Ngakho-ke, wagxeka "Ithiyori yamafomu" kathisha wakhe, owathi izwe lemibono liyizwe leqiniso nokuthi izwe eliqondakalayo liyisibonakaliso salo nje. Ku-Aristotle, izinto zenziwa ngendaba nefomu, ngokuhlangana ndawonye ngokungenasisekelo kokungokoqobo, futhi iqiniso labo lingafinyelelwa kuphela ngokomthetho, okungukuthi, ngokuhlangenwe nakho.

1. Unguyise ongumsunguli womqondo. Izinhlelo zokuqala zocwaningo ezimisweni zokusebenza noma ukungavumelekile kokucabanga kuthiwa zivela kulesi sazi sefilosofi esingumGreki, ngokwakhiwa kwesigaba se syllogism (ukuncishiswa). Ngamazwi akhe, lokhu “kuyinkulumo (ama-logo) lapho, kusungulwe izinto ezithile, kubangelwa yibo, ngokuba yilokho abayikho, okunye okuhlukile ”; okungukuthi, indlela yokwenza iziphetho ezivela kusethi yezakhiwo. Lolu hlelo lwenze ukuthi kube lula ukutadisha inqubo yokubonisana uqobo kusukela ebunyeni noma kokungasebenzi kwendawo. Imodeli ehlala isebenza kuze kube namuhla.

1. Wabhala umgomo wokungaziphikisi. Okunye ukunikela okukhulu emqondweni kwakuyisimiso sokungaphikisani, esichaza ukuthi isiphakamiso nokuphikisana nakho akukwazi ukuba yiqiniso ngasikhathi sinye nangomqondo ofanayo. Ngakho-ke, noma yikuphi ukucabanga okusikisela okuthile kungathathwa njengamanga. U-Aristotle uphinde wanikela ngemizamo yakhe ekutadisheni amanga (ukucabanga okungavumelekile), lapho akhomba futhi wahlukanisa izinhlobo eziyishumi nantathu eziyinhloko.

1. Uphakamise ukwahlukaniswa kwefilosofi. Ngalezo zikhathi, ifilosofi yayiqondwa ngokuthi "ukutadisha iqiniso", ngakho-ke into eyayiyithanda yayinabile. U-Aristotle esikhundleni salokho waphakamisa uchungechunge lwemikhakha olususelwa kuyo: logic, ayithatha njengesiyalo sokulungiselela; ifilosofi yemfundiso, eyenziwe nge-physics, mathematics kanye ne-metaphysics; nefilosofi esebenzayo, eyayiqukethe izimiso zokuziphatha nezepolitiki.

1. Uphakamise isimilo sokuziphatha okuhle. U-Aristotle wavikela izimfanelo zomoya ezibalulekile, okungukuthi, lezo ezaziphathelene nezizathu zomuntu, ezazihlukaniswe kabili ngaye: ubuhlakani nentando. Ngazo, umuntu wayengalawula ingxenye yakhe engenangqondo. Le mithetho izosebenzela umfudlana wonke wezikole zefilosofi ezizayo, ukuhlukaniswa komuntu phakathi kwesici esinengqondo nesingenangqondo bekungaba senyameni kwezinye izinhlobo, njengokuhlukaniswa kobuKristu phakathi komphefumulo ongabhubhi nomzimba ofayo.

1. Uveze inkolelo-mbono yakudala yamafomu kahulumeni. Le mbono yathathwa ngokungashintshi emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka edlule futhi isekela kakhulu uhlelo lwethu lwamanje lokuhlukaniswa kwezepolitiki. U-Aristotle uhlongoze izinhlobo eziyisithupha zikahulumeni, ezihlukaniswa ngokuthi bafuna intando yabantu kanye nenani lababusi abakhona, okungukuthi:

• Imibuso efuna okuhle okuvamile:
  • Uma kubusa umuntu oyedwa: Ubukhosi
  • Uma imithetho embalwa: I-Aristocracy
  • Uma abaningi bebusa: Intando yeningi
• Imibuso yehliswe isithunzi kubo:
  • Uma umuntu oyedwa ebusa: Ubushiqela
  • Uma bambalwa umthetho: Oligarchy
  • Uma abaningi bebusa: I-Demagoguery

Lo mbhalo ka-Aristoteli kanye nezibonelo zawo eziningi kusize izazi-mlando ukwakha kabusha umphakathi omkhulu wamaGrikhi wangaleso sikhathi.

1. Uhlongoze imodeli yezinkanyezi ye-geocentric. Le modeli yayicabanga umhlaba njengenhlangano engaguquki (yize iyindilinga) lapho izinkanyezi zazizungeza khona egumbini eliyindilinga. Le modeli yahlala isebenza kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka, kwaze kwaba yilapho uNicolás Copernicus ngekhulu le-16 ethula imodeli eyabeka iLanga njengesikhungo sendawo yonke.

1. Wakha umbono womzimba wezinto ezine. Umbono wakhe womzimba wawususelwa ebukhoneni bezinto ezine eziyisisekelo: amanzi, umhlaba, umoya, umlilo ne-ether. Ngamunye wabela ukunyakaza kwemvelo, okungukuthi: ezimbili zokuqala zaya enkabeni yendawo yonke, ezimbili ezilandelayo zasuka kuyo, futhi i-ether yazungeza isikhungo esishiwoyo. Lo mbono wasebenza kuze kube yiScientific Revolution yekhulu le-16 nele-17.

1. Wabhala inkolelo yokuzalwa okuzenzekelayo. Ipheleliswe nguJan Van Helmont ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa futhi ekugcineni yaphikiswa yizifundo zikaLouis Pasteur, le mbono yokuvela kokuzenzakalelayo kwempilo iphakamise ukwakhiwa kwempilo kusuka kumswakama, amazolo noma izithukuthuku, ngenxa yamandla enza impilo avela endabeni, ubhabhadise njengo entelechy.

1. Kubekwe izisekelo zethiyori yombhalo. Phakathi kwakho Izinkulumo neyakhe Izinkondlo, U-Aristotle wafunda izinhlobo zolimi nezinkondlo zokulingisa, wanqoba ukusola kukaPlato izimbongi (ayebaxoshe IRiphabhulikhi ukubabala njengabaqambimanga), futhi ngaleyo ndlela wabeka izisekelo zesifundo sefilosofi se-aesthetics nobuciko bemibhalo, ayihlukanise yaba yizinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• I-Epic Isandulela sokulandisa, sinomlamuleli (umbalisi) okhumbula noma alande izehlakalo ngakho-ke ukude kakhulu neqiniso lazo.
• Usizi. Ngokukhiqiza kabusha imicimbi nokwenza ukuthi yenzeke phambi komphakathi, leli fomu lokumelwa yilona eliphakeme kakhulu ku-Aristotle futhi yilona elenza izinjongo ezinhle kakhulu zepolisi, ngoba limelela umuntu kangcono kunaye, kanye nokuwa kwakhe.
• Amahlaya. Kufana nosizi, kepha ukumela amadoda kubi kakhulu kunabo. Amazwibela wokutadisha amahlaya kufayela le- Izinkondlo Ngeshwa i-Aristotle ilahlekile.