Amandla kagesi

-Delile

• Izinhlobo zezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi
• Izinzuzo zamandla kagesi kagesi
• Ububi bamandla kagesi
• Izibonelo zamandla kagesi
• Ezinye izinhlobo zamandla

I- amandla kagesi lokho kudalwa isenzo sokuhamba kwamanzi, imvamisa ekuweni (ukweqa kwe-geodeic) nasemithambekeni noma emadamini akhethekile, lapho kufakwa khona izikhungo zokuphehla ugesi ukuze kusizakale i amandla emishini ketshezi elihambayo bese wenza kusebenze imishini yokuphehla ugesi ekhiqiza ugesi.

Le ndlela yokusebenzisa amanzi inikeza ingxenye yesihlanu yamandla kagesi emhlabeni jikelele, futhi akukusha ncamashi emlandweni wesintu: amaGrikhi asendulo, alandela umthetho ofanayo nqo, agaya ukolweni ukwenza ufulawa esebenzisa amandla amanzi noma umoya ngochungechunge lwezigayo. Kodwa-ke, isitshalo sokuqala sokuphehla ugesi samanzi sakhiwa ngo-1879 e-United States.

Lolu hlobo lwesikhungo sokuphehla ugesi ludumile ezindaweni ezinamagagasi amakhulu amanzi alo ngenxa yokuncibilika esiqongweni sezintaba noma ukuphazamiseka kwendlela yomfula omkhulu onqwabelana ngamandla amaningi. Ngezinye izikhathi kuyadingeka ukwakha idamu lokulawula ukukhishwa kanye nokugcinwa kwamanzi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kube nokuhlawulela okwenziwe ukuwa kobukhulu obufunayo.

I- amandla walolu hlobo lwesitshalo ingasuka ezitshalweni ezinkulu nezinamandla ezikhiqiza amashumi ezinkulungwane zamamegawathi, iye kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi izitshalo zemini-hydro ezikhiqiza amamegawathi ambalwa nje.

Imininingwane engaphezulu ku: Izibonelo ze-Hydraulic Power

Izinhlobo zezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi

Ngokomqondo wayo wokwakha, kuvame ukuhlukaniswa phakathi izitshalo zokuphehla ugesi ezivulekile, njengalezo ezifakwe phansi kwempophoma noma edamini, futhi izikhungo zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi emhumeni, lawo aqhelelene nomthombo wamanzi kodwa axhunywe kuwo ngamapayipi okucindezela nezinye izinhlobo zemigudu.

Lezi zitshalo zingabuye zihlukaniswe ngokuhamba kwamanzi esimweni ngasinye, okungukuthi:

• Izitshalo zamanzi ezigelezayo. Zisebenza ngokuqhubekayo, zisebenzisa amanzi omfula noma awe, ngoba awanawo amandla okugcina amanzi njengamachibi.
• Izitshalo zokugcina amanzi. Amanzi bawagcina edamini bese bevumela ukuthi ligeleze phakathi kogesi, ukugcina ukugeleza okungaguquguquki nokulawulwayo. Zibiza kakhulu kunamanzi agelezayo.
• Izikhungo ezinomthethonqubo. Kufakwe emifuleni, kepha ngamandla okugcina amanzi.
• Iziteshi zokupompa. Bahlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngokugeleza kwamanzi nekhono lokubuyisela uketshezi emuva, okwenza umjikelezo usebenze njengamabhethri amakhulu.

Izinzuzo zamandla kagesi kagesi

Amandla kagesi kagesi ayesebenza kakhulu engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, enikezwe ubuhle bawo obungangabazeki, okungukuthi:

• Ukuhlanza. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne- ukushiswa kwamafutha ezimbiwa phansi, kungamandla aphansi angcolisayo.
• Ukuphepha. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlekelele ezingaba khona zamandla enuzi noma ezinye izinhlobo eziyingozi zokukhiqiza ugesi, izingozi zawo ziyalawuleka.
• Ukuqhubeka. Ukuphakelwa kwamanzi omfula nezimpophoma ezinkulu kuvame ukwenzeka unyaka wonke, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesitshalo esikhiqizayo njalo.
• Ezomnotho. Ngokungadingi impahla eluhlaza, noma izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuyimodeli yokukhiqiza ugesi engabizi futhi elula, eyehlisa izindleko zalo lonke ugesi namandla okusetshenziswa.
• Ukuzimela. Njengoba ingadingi izinto zokusetshenziswa noma okokufaka (ngaphezu kwezingxenye zokugcina ezisele), kuyimodeli ezimele ngokwehla kokushintshashintsha kwezimakethe nezivumelwano zamazwe omhlaba noma amalungiselelo epolitiki.

Ububi bamandla kagesi

• Izehlakalo zasendaweni. Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu nezidibi, kanye nokufakwa kwama-turbine nama-generator kunomthelela endleleni yemifula evame ukuthinta imifula. imvelo yasendaweni.
• Ubungozi bokugcina. Yize kuyivelakancane futhi kungagwemeka ngenkambiso enhle yokulungisa, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuphuka ediyeni kungadala ukukhishwa okungalawuleki komthamo wamanzi omkhulu kunokulawulekayo nokuthi izikhukhula nezinhlekelele yendawo.
• Umthelela womhlaba. Iningi lalezi zindawo liguqula kakhulu ukwakheka kwemvelo futhi libe nomthelela ekubukekeni kwasendaweni, yize lingaba nezindawo zokukhomba zabavakashi.
• Ukonakala kwemifula. Ukungenelela okuqhubekayo ekugelezeni kwamanzi kugugula imibhede yemifula futhi kuguqula isimo samanzi, kususe izidalwa. Konke lokhu kunomthelela emfuleni ongabhekwa.
• Isomiso esingaba khona. Ezimweni zesomiso esibi kakhulu, lezi zinhlobo zesizukulwane zibona ukukhiqizwa kwazo kunqunyelwe, ngoba umthamo wamanzi ungaphansi kokulungile. Lokhu kungasho ukunciphisa amandla noma ukukhuphuka kwezinga, kuya ngesilinganiso sesomiso.

Izibonelo zamandla kagesi

1. Izimpophoma ZaseNiagara. Isiteshi samandla kagesi Isikhungo Sikagesi URobert Moses Niagara Etholakala e-United States, bekuyisitshalo sokuqala sokuphehla ugesi emlandweni ukwakhiwa, sisebenzisa amandla eNpophoma enkulu yaseNiagara e-Appleton, eWisconsin.
2. Idamu lokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi iKrasnoyarsk. Idamu likakhonkolo eliphakeme elingamamitha ayi-124 elisemfuleni iYenisei eDivnogorsk, eRussia, elakhiwe phakathi kuka-1956 no-1972 futhi lihlinzeka ngamandla ka-6000 MW wabantu baseRussia. Idamu laseKrasnoyarkoye lenzelwa ukusebenza kwalo.
3. Idamu laseSalime. Leli chibi laseSpain elise-Asturias, emfuleni iNavia, lavulwa ngo-1955 futhi linikeza abantu cishe ama-350 GWh ngonyaka. Ukuze kwakhiwe, umfula kwakufanele ushintshwe unomphela futhi amapulazi acishe abe ngu-2 000 agcwala kumahektha angama-685 omhlaba olimekayo, kanye namapulazi asemadolobheni, amabhuloho, amathuna, amasonto, namasonto.
4. Isitshalo se-Guavio hydroelectric. Isitshalo samandla sesibili ngobukhulu esisebenza endaweni yaseColombia, siseCundinamarca, 120km ukusuka eBogotá futhi siphehla ugesi we-1,213 MW. Iqale ukusebenza ngonyaka we-1992, yize bekusele ukuthi kufakwe amanye amayunithi amathathu ngenxa yezimali. Uma kwenzeka, ukusebenza kwaleli damu kungakhuphukela ku-1,900 MW, okuphezulu kakhulu ezweni lonke.
5. Isitshalo se-Simone Bolívar hydroelectric. Ebizwa nangokuthi iPresa del Guri, itholakala esifundeni saseBolívar, eVenezuela, emlonyeni woMfula iCaroni eMfuleni odumile wase-Orinoco. Inedamu lokuzenzela elibizwa nge-Embalse del Guri, lapho kufakwa khona ugesi engxenyeni enkulu yezwe futhi lize lithengiselwe namadolobha asemngceleni osenyakatho yeBrazil. Yavulwa ngokuphelele ngonyaka we-1986 futhi iyisitshalo sesine esikhulu sokuphehla ugesi emhlabeni, inikela nge-10,235 MW yomthamo ofakiwe ophelele kumayunithi ahlukene ayi-10.
6. Idamu leXilodu. Etholakala eMfuleni iJinsha eningizimu yeChina, inamandla afakiwe kagesi we-13,860 MW, ngaphezu kokuvumela ukulawulwa kokugeleza kwamanzi ukwenza lula ukuhamba nokuvikela izikhukhula. Njengamanje yisiteshi sesithathu esikhulu sokuphehla ugesi ophehlwa ugesi emhlabeni futhi futhi idamu lesine ubude kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
7. Idamu ezintathu zeGorges. Futhi etholakala eChina, eMfuleni iYangtze enkabeni yendawo yayo, iyisitshalo esikhulu samandla kagesi emhlabeni, esinamandla aphelele angama-24,000 MW. Iphothulwe ngo-2012, ngemuva kokugcwala kwamadolobha ayi-19 namadolobha angama-22 (630 km² surface), lapho cishe abantu abayizigidi ezi-2 kwakudingeka bakhishwe futhi bathuthwe. Njengoba sinamamitha angu-2309 ubude nedamu eliphakeme elingu-185, lesi sitshalo samandla sisodwa sihlinzeka ngo-3% wamandla amakhulu kuleli zwe.
8. Idamu le-Yacyretá-Apipé. Leli damu lisendaweni ehlangene yase-Argentina-Paraguay eMfuleni iParaná, lihlinzeka cishe i-22% yesidingo samandla e-Argentina ngamandla ayo we-3,100 MW. Kwakungokwakhiwa okunempikiswano enkulu, njengoba kwakudinga ukugcwala kwezindawo zokuhlala eziyingqayizivele esifundeni nokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo.
9. Iphrojekthi ye-Hydroelectric Project yasePalomino. Le phrojekthi eyakhiwa eDominican Republic izotholakala emifuleni iYaraque-Sur neBlanco, lapho kuzotholakala khona idamu elinendawo engamahektare angama-22 futhi elizokhulisa amandla kagesi ezwe ngo-15%.
10. Idamu le-Itaipu. Isitshalo sesibili esikhulu sokuphehla ugesi emhlabeni, kungumsebenzi owenziwa kabili phakathi kweBrazil neParaguay ukusizakala ngomngcele wabo eMfuleni iParaná. Ubude bokuzenzela kwedamu buhlanganisa cishe i-29,000 hm³ wamanzi endaweni engaba amakhilomitha ayi-14,000². Umthamo wayo wokukhiqiza yi-14,000 MW futhi waqala ukukhiqizwa ngo-1984.

Ezinye izinhlobo zamandla